基质配比、有机肥添加比例和营养钵体积对红香芋幼苗生长及球茎产量的影响

为了完善红香芋育苗技术体系,培育健壮幼苗,研究了基质配比、有机肥添加比例、营养钵体积等育苗关键因素对红香芋幼苗生长及球茎产量的影响。试验以地方品种"建昌红香芋"为材料,采用5种基质配比、3种商品有机肥添加比例以及4种营养钵体积进行试验处理,以幼苗生长状态及定植后芋球茎产量为评价指标。结果表明,草炭和蛭石按1∶1(体积比)比例混合的复合基质,因其持水孔隙比例高,保水性最好,所培育的幼苗株高、植株干重及根系活力均显著高于其它基质配比;随着复合基质中有机肥添加比例的增加,红香芋出苗速度减慢,基质中添加5%的有机肥(体积比)可提高幼苗的根系活力,增加叶面积及生物量积累。随着育苗营养钵体积增大,幼苗的株高、叶面积、根系活力及植株干物质积累均增加。幼苗移栽后的球茎产量测定表明,幼苗越健壮,获得的产量越高。上述结果说明,采用草炭和蛭石按1∶1(体积比)的比例配制的复合基质、基质中添加5%的有机肥(体积比)、体积为1500 cm3的营养钵(直径×高为12 cm×13 cm)育苗,红香芋幼苗生长健壮,移栽后芋球茎产量高,可在芋头育苗栽培中应用。     

Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter

In this re-evaluation of our 10-year old paper on priming effects, I have considered the latest studies and tried to identify the most important needs for future research. Recent publications have shown that the increase or decrease in soil organic matter mineralization (measured as changes of CO₂ efflux and N mineralization) actually results from interactions between living (microbial biomass) and dead organic matter. The priming effect (PE) is not an artifact of incubation studies, as sometimes supposed, but is a natural process sequence in the rhizosphere and detritusphere that is induced by pulses or continuous inputs of fresh organics. The intensity of turnover processes in such hotspots is at least one order of magnitude higher than in the bulk soil. Various prerequisites for high-quality, informative PE studies are outlined: calculating the budget of labeled and total C; investigating the dynamics of released CO₂ and its sources; linking C and N dynamics with microbial biomass changes and enzyme activities; evaluating apparent and real PEs; and assessing PE sources as related to soil organic matter stabilization mechanisms. Different approaches for identifying priming, based on the assessment of more than two C sources in CO₂ and microbial biomass, are proposed and methodological and statistical uncertainties in PE estimation and approaches to eliminating them are discussed. Future studies should evaluate directions and magnitude of PEs according to expected climate and land-use changes and the increased rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ as well as clarifying the ecological significance of PEs in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The conclusion is that PEs - the interactions between living and dead organic matter - should be incorporated in models of C and N dynamics, and that microbial biomass should regarded not only as a C pool but also as an active driver of C and N turnover.     

竹柳扦插育苗技术研究

对影响竹柳扦插的插穗直径、插穗长度和扦插基质3个因素分别进行了研究.结果表明,直径为0.5 cm≤Φ＜1.5 cm的穗条、长度5 cm的穗条、穗条在河沙基质中扦插使得各试验中插穗的生根数量、成活率和苗高等指标均较高,且竹柳的繁殖系数较高,生产成本较低,适合苗圃生产.     

不同无土栽培方式对上海青生长量的影响

研究了气雾培、水培和基质栽培3种无土栽培方式对上海青生长量的影响。试验结果表明,生长初期,3种栽培方式下,上海青生长量差异不大;而在生长中后期,水培的上海青叶面积、单株质量等指标明显较优,且水培运转成本相对较低,适宜于大面积推广。     

种子发芽纸测试报告

发芽纸是种子发芽试验必需的材料。国内首次研制成的专用种子发芽纸具有吸水快、持水性好、韧度大、厚度适中等特点。该纸无毒性、幼根不易穿透,且成本低。它既可衬垫于发芽容器中,更宜作发芽纸卷。试用结果表明,它能广泛适用于农作物、蔬菜、牧草、瓜、豆类等各种种子的发芽试验。在植物种子科学研究和生产实际中,经常需要进行种子发芽试验,一般的种子发芽试验常采用纸张作为发芽床。为使种子正常发芽和便于检查发芽结果,要求发芽纸有良好的理化特性。对此,国际种子检验协会对种子发芽纸的质地、灰分、韧度和吸水性能等有明确的规定指标,如要求纸张有足够强度,在发芽试验操作中不致撕破;质地要通透多孔,但幼根不能穿入纸中。国外已有不少国家都生产有专用的种子发芽纸,而国内至今还没有一种专门供种子发芽用的纸张,长期以来使用的是普通滤纸、卫生纸、乃至黄草纸等代用品。这些纸张在协调种子发芽所需的水气条件方面存有不少缺陷,其质地、强度或吸水性等都达不到要求。为了填补国内这一空白,浙江农业大学种子科学中心和浙江民丰造纸厂造纸研究所自1987年开始进行种子发芽纸的研制。经过多次反复研制和测试,已研制成功一种种子发芽纸。它厚度适中,既可平垫于玻皿之中,又可用作发芽纸卷,且成本低于目前代用的普通滤纸。经数家种子部门试用,反应良好。此将发芽纸研制过程中生物学适用性测试的部分内容报告如下。     

生态有机肥不同混配基质对辣椒生长发育的影响

研究了“绿源”牌有机肥（生态有机肥）不同混配基质对辣椒生长发育的影响。结果表明：生态有机肥、蛭石、草炭按1∶1∶1或生态有机肥、蛭石按1∶1组配明显促进辣椒的生长发育，主要表现为株高、茎粗增大，叶片数增多，光合作用增强，开花座果期提早，生物产量及经济产量提高。生态有机肥与河砂、炉渣组配有利于提高辣椒果实的Vc含量。全部以生态有机肥作为基质栽培辣椒效果较差。     

Oribatid mites in urban zones of West Berlin

Summary A comparison is made between oribatid fauna (Acari, Oribatida) in the urban regions of West Berlin and forest areas. There are characteristic species compositions living in urban soils, in epilithic moss cushions or on the bark of trees. The urban environment obviously causes a change in the species pattern in these types of habitats and minimizes the number of species in central urban regions. The most important regional factors are probably relative aridity, air pollution and habitat isolation, showing a similar increasing tendency from sub-urban to central regions of West Berlin. The effects of air pollution (SO2) on moss-inhabiting oribatid mites are analysed in 13 sites of the urban district of West Berlin. The use of moss- and bark-dwelling mites as bioindicators of air pollution is discussed.Soil oribatids might be useful bioindicators of soil pollution in further research.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Diversity and function of decomposer fungi from a grassland soil

Despite the substantial interest to ecologists of the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning, little is known about how the high species richness of decomposer (saprotrophic) fungi and their relative frequencies of occurrence influence the decomposition of organic matter. Three experiments were conducted to test the ability of culturable saprotrophic fungal isolates to utilise a range of artificial and more natural substrates that occur in organic matter, with the aims of (1) characterising the functional potential of ‘common’ and ‘occasional’ taxa in an upland grassland soil and (2) determining whether there was a high degree of apparent functional redundancy in these communities. ‘Function’ was defined as the ability of a fungal isolate to utilise broad categories of substrates (e.g. sugars, cellulose, lignin) that occur in organic matter and which change in proportion during decomposition. The terms ‘common/abundant/frequent’ and ‘occasional/infrequent’ usually referred here to the frequencies of occurrence of taxa estimated using Warcup soil plates. Accepting the difficulties of sampling fungi in soil, this appeared to be the most useful isolation method to produce a general picture of the microfungal community with an estimate of frequency of occurrence for every taxon obtained, and to provide cultures for use in function tests. The influence of this technique on the interpretation of the results is discussed.Forty-eight fungal isolates, obtained from an upland grassland in Roxburghshire, UK, were selected to cover the most ‘abundant’ taxa and a range of ‘occasionals’. Pure cultures of anamorphic fungi and members of the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were tested. Although there was apparently a high degree of functional redundancy (equivalence) in assemblages of culturable decomposer fungi, with ‘frequent’ and ‘infrequent’ taxa largely utilising the same substrates, the ‘infrequent’ taxa played important roles in decomposition. ‘Infrequent’ microfungi tested were potentially more active in decomposition than the ‘frequent’ taxa, i.e. several had a higher overall activity, were able to utilise a wider range of substrates and were more combative than the ‘abundant’ taxa. When ‘abundant’ and ‘occasional’ taxa from the same putative guild were inoculated together on grass litter, there was slight evidence of ‘positive’ indirect effects on decomposition and cellulose degradation. Some ‘negative’ effects on lignin degradation, probably as a result of combat, were observed.It is possible that the ‘occasional’ taxa increased the temporal resilience of the ecosystem process of decomposition, and were ‘waiting in the wings’ to replace the abundant taxa. Nevertheless, greater functional diversity could be associated with the uncultured taxa not studied here.     

丹桂扦插繁殖试验

[目的]探讨适合丹桂冬季扦插繁殖的方法。[方法]以丹桂半年生、一年生及二年生健壮枝条为插条,研究了2种基质、3种激素及3种插条对丹桂扦插成活率的影响。[结果]在相同激素及相同插条情况下,以河沙+草木灰作基质的丹桂扦插成活率优于以河沙作基质的,前者比后者高;在相同基质及相同插条条件下,NAAI、AA和IBA3种激素均对丹桂成活具有促进作用,其中IBA的效果好于NAA和IAA;在相同基质和相同激素处理下,半年生插条成活率最高、一年生次之、二年生插条扦插成活率较低。在所有处理组合中,以河沙+草木灰作基质,IBA200 mg/L处理半年生插条0.5 h的组合成活率最高,达86.7%。[结论]丹桂扦插成活率与基质和激素的选择、激素处理时间及插条的选择有密切关系。     

生态有机肥不同混配基质对辣椒生长发育的影响

研究了“绿源”牌有机肥(生态有机肥)不同混配基质对辣椒生长发育的影响。结果表明:生态有机肥、蛭石、草炭按1:1:1或生态有机肥、蛭石按1:1组配明显促进辣椒的生长发育,主要表现为株高、茎粗增大,叶片数增多,光合作用增强,开花座果期提早,生物产量及经济产量提高。生态有机肥与河砂、炉渣组配有利于提高辣椒果实的Vc含量。全部以生态有机肥作为基质栽培辣椒效果较差。