非对称翼型反装对H型垂直轴风力机流场分布的影响

H型垂直轴风力机(H-VAWT)是典型的升力型垂直轴风力机,且有集群式发展的潜力和优势.文中采用数值模拟的研究方法,建立二维模型,对比分析了使用非对称翼型的H-VAWT叶片反装时的流场结构,以及反装时叶片数对H-VAWT流场分布的影响.结果表明:对于非对称翼型的H-VAWT,叶片反装所产生的尾流湍流强度较叶片正装时大,且尾流的恢复能力差,进而影响到H-VAWT在风场中的布局,但是叶片的正装和反装对H-VAWT附近外流场中Y方向上流场分布的影响基本一致;随着叶片数的增加,反装叶片的H-VAWT本身产生尾流的湍流强度增加,这增强了下风轮区域叶片和上风轮区域叶片所产生湍流的相互作用,但是叶片数为3时,叶片的正装和反装所产生的湍流差别不大.     

桉属植物叶片DNA抽提

对植物组织DNA抽提是在分子水平上对植物进行系统分析与研究的基础性工作。我们使用改良CTAB法抽提桉属植物叶片中总的DNA获得了成功，其纯度和得率完全能满足常规分子生物学操作的要求。与DNA得率有关的几个问题在此一并探讨。     

采用支持向量机算法对金刚石锯片锯切木材表面粗糙度的预测

为了更准确预测木材切削加工后木材表面粗糙度,通过金刚石(PCD)锯片锯切木材试验获得不同锯切转速、进给速度、锯切厚度、木材密度时的木材表面粗糙度测量值,采用支持向量机(SVM)算法建立相应的表面粗糙度预测模型,引入网格搜索法对SVM模型参数进行优化,分析参数选取及优化对木材表面粗糙度模型精度的影响。结果表明:采用PCD锯片锯切木材时,3种影响因素对木材表面粗糙度的影响程度,由大到小依次为锯片转速、锯切厚度、进给速度,且表面粗糙度值随着锯片转速的增大而降低,随着进给速度和锯切厚度的变大而增加。参数优化后的木材表面粗糙度预测模型,更能实现木材表面粗糙度的精准预测。     

Circular Disc Blade Considerations in Soil Force Prediction Modelling

Previous soil-disc force prediction models have considered spherical and concave blades, as used on disc ploughs and harrows, with many simplifying assumptions. This study proposes an approach applying the fundamental equation of earth moving mechanics for calculating the soil passive reaction acting on a rotating fiat disc blade as used on a zero-till single disc seeder. The study considers the effects of disc variable depth of cut, sweep and tilt angles, free rotation and a scrubbing reaction at the beveled edge. This paper outlines the modeling approach and prediction results for a fixed circular blade operating at 90° sweep angle over a range of speeds and at two tilt angles. To account for the varying depth across the circular disc shape width, elemental wide blade force reactions acting on wide blade segments of elemental width were integrated across the disc working width. By including inertia forces due to speed as well as additional bulldozing forces due to the loose soil accumulation in front of the blade the draught and upward vertical forces acting on the vertical disc blade were predicted with a deviation of 6%-19% and 1.5%-14% from measured data, respectively. The model was able to predict the effect of increasing the tilt angle from 0° to 20° on reducing both draught and upward vertical forces. Further development and validation of the model will be described in subsequent papers, reflecting a step by step approach of increasing complexity to model a disc blade as used on a zero-till single disc seeding system.     

叶顶间隙大小对螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的影响

叶顶间隙大小是影响半开式螺旋离心泵内外特性的重要因素之一,为充分探究叶顶间隙大小对其内外特性的影响程度及作用机理,该文以一台比转速237的单叶片螺旋离心泵为研究对象,通过设计叶顶间隙专用调节机构,分别调整叶顶间隙大小至0.3、0.5和0.8 mm,与叶轮外径的比值分别为0.13%、0.22%和0.35%。针对3种叶顶间隙大小情况,同时进行外特性试验和压力脉动试验研究。压力脉动的监测点包括叶轮进口边、叶轮中部、蜗壳第三断面和蜗壳隔舌附近。结果表明叶顶间隙大小与叶轮平均直径的比值应介于0.13%~0.22%之间。同时,结合压力脉动试验获得的实测压力波形图、压力系数波形图及频域图,分析了单叶片螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的规律,为半开式螺旋离心泵的减振降噪提供参考和借鉴。     

Improvement of Vineyard Management of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Grk in the Lumbarda Vineyard Region (Croatia)

The vine-growing region of Lumbarda, located in the southeastern part of the island of Korcula, Croatia, has deep sandy soils (paleodunes) associated with the Mediterranean climate and provides optimal conditions for cultivating the autochthonous vine variety Vitis vinifera L. cv. Grk. Unfortunately, recently growers have noted declining yield and quality of grapes resulting from inadequate vineyard management (particularly unsustainable management of soil organic matter) and the occurrence of viral diseases. To revitalize and maintain the vineyards in the Lumbarda region, a detailed study was carried out involving intensive soil survey, analysis of grapevine nutrient status, positive clonal selection, and establishment of new vineyards with virus-free plant material. Preliminary soil survey results provided insight into the extent of variability in major physical and chemical soil characteristics. Based on these results, eight markedly different vineyards were selected for detailed analysis of grapevine nutrients [boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn)] at key development stages to detect potential imbalances that may hamper vine growth and affect its production. Leaf blades and petioles were sampled at midflowering and midveraison stages during the 2007–8 growing season from each of the selected vineyards. The greatest variability in nutrient content between the study sites was recorded for Cu, and considerable variability was also determined for B, Mn, Mg, and P. Differences in fertilization practices are the most common reasons for this variability. The results point to B deficiency in some of the vineyards and suggest potentially toxic levels of Cu in others.     

基于离散元法的凸圆刃式深松铲减阻效果仿真分析与试验

针对深松作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文在深松铲铲尖顶部设计了一种能有效减阻降耗的凸圆刃。以安装凸圆刃的凸圆刃式深松铲为研究对象,建立了土壤模型。为提高土壤模型的准确性,选用非线性粘结弹性塑形接触模型(edinburgh elasto-plastic adhesion model,EEPA),对凸圆刃式深松铲进行耕作阻力虚拟仿真。利用插件将颗粒与深松铲接触作用力导出,分析凸圆刃式深松铲应力和形变,校验其结构强度;采用EDEM软件分析不同耕深和速度对深松耕作阻力的影响,并以国标深松铲为比较对象,分析了凸圆刃式深松铲的减阻效果;通过田间试验验证了土壤模型和凸圆刃式深松铲设计的准确性和可行性。田间试验结果表明,与国标深松铲相比,凸圆刃式深松铲耕作阻力平均降低了10.24%。仿真结果与实测值较为接近,数值误差在3%～10%,证明土壤模型基本符合土壤的力学特性,能近似代替真实的土壤环境。该研究证明了采用离散元法分析深松耕作阻力可行性,可为进一步优化深松铲结构提供参考。     

泵轮叶片削剪对液力变矩器性能的影响

削剪泵轮叶片是优化液力变矩器性能的一种手段。为了研究泵轮叶片削剪程度对液力变矩器性能的影响规律,该研究基于计算流体动力学,采用应力混合涡湍流模型（stress-blended eddy simulation,SBES）对液力变矩器内部流场进行仿真模拟,依托外特性试验验证仿真结果的准确性。通过Q准则涡识别方法,甄选合适阈值重构叶片削剪前后泵轮流道三维涡系结构,定性分析多尺度涡动力学特性,量化提取二维流场图谱信息,揭示流速场时空演化规律。结果表明：泵轮叶片设计流线从出口处经过10%、20%和30%的削剪后,液力变矩器的变矩比逐渐增大,由原型变矩器的1.77增大到叶片削剪30%的2.33,泵轮转矩系数降幅明显,由原型变矩器的5.51降低到叶片削剪30%的3.39,叶片削剪10%后变矩比增大4.34%,泵轮转矩系数降低10.73%,降幅明显;随着泵轮叶片削剪程度加剧,叶片对流体的推动作用减弱,流体动能减小,多尺度涡运动趋势衰减,流道中部涡结构特征改变,流道出口高能小尺度“脱落涡”现象减弱;泵轮流道出口流速随叶片削剪程度增大而减小,由原型变矩器的23 m/s降低到叶片削剪30%的19 m/s,泵轮进口流速几乎不变,因进出口流速的变化,泵轮转矩系数降低。研究结果可为液力变矩器叶片设计与性能优化提供指导性建议。     

联合整地机匀土旋平刀辊设计与试验

为解决联合整地机破茬翻埋作业后地表平整度低、土壤分布不均匀的问题,该研究设计了分段反螺旋式匀土旋平刀辊,提出田口法结合离散元仿真的刀辊参数设计思路。首先定性分析并确定了影响刀辊轴向运土和抛土的关键因素及水平;然后以作业后地表平整度为优化目标,以沙壤土和黏壤土为噪声因子,利用田口法设计试验并进行离散元仿真,得出适应不同土壤类型的最优参数组合为：刀轴转速300 r/min、螺旋升角70°、旋耕刀型号IT245、刀轴直径80 mm、刀座间距62 mm、旋耕刀双螺旋排布,此时地表平整度仿真值为14.2 mm。以最优参数组合制造样机并进行田间验证试验,作业后地表平整度为11.6 mm、土壤分布均匀度为92.6%、耕深稳定性系数为93.2%、破土率为86.4%,优于小麦种植对耕整地的要求,所设计的刀辊有效。研究结果可为联合整地机刀辊设计提供参考。     

花生分段收获挖掘铲力学模型及试验分析

为优化花生收获挖掘铲的结构参数,对花生收获挖掘铲进行受力分析,并建立工作状态的力学模型,研究各个参数的变化对受力状况的影响,找出对工作阻力具有影响的参数和薄弱部位。通过田间试验,对力学模型进行验证,结果表明:影响工作阻力的参数有犁面与地面的夹角、犁面的开度角、前失效角的倾角及土壤重力,犁柱截面C为薄弱部位,力学模型与收获挖掘铲的受力状况基本相符。