菜粉蝶绒茧蜂种群空间分布型及其应用

本文应用频次分布x~2检验法,Iwao法,Taylor幂法则以及其它聚集指标等方法,分析研究了菜粉蝶绒茧蜂种群(茧块)的空间分布型。结果表明:菜粉蝶绒茧蜂茧块在甘蓝上呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是以个体群形式存在,个体群之间是随机的,茧块的聚集是由寄主等环境因素引起的。此外,利用分布型参数确定了理论抽样数及序贯抽样。     

Practical capability of a DNA pool‐based genome‐wide association study using BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population

Genome‐wide association mapping for complex traits in cattle populations is a powerful, but expensive, selection tool. The DNA pooling technique can potentially reduce the cost of genome‐wide association studies. However, in DNA pooling design, the additional variance generated by pooling‐specific errors must be taken into account. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate factors such as: (i) the accuracy of allele frequency estimation; (ii) the magnitude of errors in pooling construction and in the array; and (iii) the effect of the number of replicate arrays on P‐values estimated by a genome‐wide association study. Results showed that the Illumina correction method is the most effective method to correct the allele frequency estimation; pooling errors, especially array variance, should be taken into account in DNA pooling design; and the risk of a type I error can be reduced by using at least two replicate arrays. These results indicate the practical capability and cost‐effectiveness of pool‐based genome‐wide association studies using the BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population.     

陕西省干旱灾害的成因及其时空分布特征

本文剖析了陕西省干旱的成因及其影响因素，阐述了旱灾时时空分布特征。     

佛山岭南天地旧改项目中开放空间的特色分析

近年来,国内出现了不少基于城市老街区改造为商业街区的项目。通过对佛山岭南天地项目中有代表性的广场、街道、建筑等节点进行调研,选取开放空间的3个特色要素--空间形态和尺度,传统装饰元素,植物和水景布置,探析新天地模式中开放空间营造的特色手法,包括保持街巷形态和宜人尺度,增强街区公共属性;保护传统建筑构件,利用传统材料、技术;保留古树,并结合植物和水景布置,形成多层次的景观系统等。     

基于GIS的土壤肥力质量综合评价——以天然云冷杉针阔混交林为例

以吉林汪清林业局金沟岭林场中41块天然云冷杉针阔混交林样地为对象,采用主成分-聚类分析,结合GIS技术,对该区域土壤肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,按主成分-聚类分析结果将41块样地分为4类:第1类土壤肥力质量综合得分为11.17~18.86(优),包括5块样地;第2类土壤肥力质量综合得分为3.01~7.44(良),包括8块样地;第3类土壤肥力质量综合得分为-6.97~1.27(一般),包括24块样地;第4类土壤肥力质量综合得分为-12.40~-9.63(差),包括4块样地。然后采用Arc GIS软件对综合得分进行普通Kriging插值,其标准均方根预测为0.9544,在1的附近,这基本达到插值精度的要求。从生成的研究区土壤肥力质量综合得分空间分布图来看,森林土壤肥力质量由西向东呈现先降低后升高的趋势;由北向南,森林土壤肥力质量变化幅度逐步减小,表明研究区南部土壤肥力质量变化较北部均匀。就研究区的整体土壤肥力质量而言,土壤肥力质量中等以上(优,良,一般)样地数占所研究区样地总数比例为90.24%,表明所研究区森林土壤肥力质量整体处于良好水平。     

不同沙丘下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤特征的差异性研究

为探明沙漠建群种植物个体周围土壤养分和盐分空间分布及成因,对艾比湖湖区边缘三种类型沙丘下梭梭主根周围土壤含水量,电导率,全量养分和速效养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:1固定性沙丘在表层(0~10 cm)处土壤含水量最小,流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘在浅层(10~20 cm)处最小,以距离主根面3m处表现最为显著(P0.05)。2流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘土壤有机质和全氮的结构性和空间自相关性均较弱,固定性沙丘养分(全量养分、速效养分)的结构性则较好。3三种沙丘土壤养分的空间分布不均,主要以条状和斑块状分布,整体上呈现出一定的集聚趋势,其中流动性沙丘和固定性沙丘集聚范围在0~2 m圈层,但纵向集聚范围中,流动性沙丘以浅层(10~20 cm),固定性沙丘以较深层(20~40cm)出现集聚,形成肥岛。4流动性沙丘土壤电导率对沙丘的影响较其他各特征因子占主导地位,半固定性沙丘和固定性沙丘养分因子占主导地位。     

基于江苏茶园施肥及空间分布特性分析江苏茶园可持续发展

【目的】茶树是一种多年生作物,现已成为我国乡村致富的重要产业,为了掌握江苏茶园土壤养分现状及施肥方式对茶园养分环境的影响分析。【方法】通过对江苏省主产茶128个茶园施肥方式进行调研,测定其有机质、pH值、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾以及钙、镁等微量元素及部分重金属物质含量,同时对经纬度和不同茶园营养元素之间的相关性进行分析。【结果】江苏茶园pH值介于3.82～6.14之间,有机质含量介于11.10～29.4g/kg之间,碱解氮含量介于42.23～119.45mg/kg之间;速效磷含量介于13.75～289.71mg/kg之间;全钾含量介于53.61～79.35g/kg之间;有机质含量与取样点经纬度均存在显著相关关系(相关系数分别为0.7430和-6910),同时土壤全钾含量与取样点经度均存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.820),与取样点纬度存在显著正相关关系(r=0.6992),有机质含量与碱解氮和速效磷含量显著正相关(r=0.8319和r=0.6681),与速效钾含量间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.9093);土壤pH值和镍元素之间存在极显著正相关关系(r=0.9049)。【结论】尿素的大量施用是导致江苏茶园土壤酸化严重的重要原因,总体而言,江苏茶园土壤总体肥力较好,部分茶园存在酸化现象,茶园有机质含量越高,碱解氮和有效磷含量越高,有效钾含量越低。施肥习惯应结合有机肥(菜籽饼)与尿素相结合的方式,并注意土壤改良剂的应用和尿素的施用,更有利于茶园营养物质的可持续利用和高质量发展。     

黄瓜上烟粉虱成虫种群空间分布格局及时序动态

应用6种聚集度指标和Iwao法、Taylor幂法则,考查了2006年7—8月份烟粉虱成虫种群（Bemisia tabaci）在黄瓜上的分布型;分析这些聚集度指标与密度的相关性,选择了受密度影响较小的负二项分布的k值,描述种群的时序动态。结果显示：在黄瓜的生长期间,该成虫种群聚集强度有明显的变化,水平空间为高→低→高→低,百株虫量最多为23359头,最少为1908头;垂直空间为低→高→低→高,百株第8叶烟粉虱成虫数量最多,为9093头,其次是第9叶和第7叶,分别为8488头和8353头。从该种群在黄瓜上的整个发生期来看,种群空间格局处于扩散和聚集交替进行的动态过程中。在空间分布格局研究的基础上,给出了合适的抽样数。     

学会改革与发展面临的问题及对策

随着社会主义经济体制的逐步完善,改革的不断深化和对外开放的进一步扩大,学会在组织体制、管理模式、运行机制和活动方式等方面,还不能完全适应社会主义市场经济的要求,在综合分析学会存在诸多问题以及面临激烈竞争和严峻挑战的基础上,针对农业学会目前现状,提出了对策,以及今后努力发展的方向。     

Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density

Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m⁻² crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha⁻¹ for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes.