汽车发动机正时链系统行走轨迹计算与试验

在已知汽车发动机配气正时机构三轴坐标的基础上,研究了正时链系统几何布局设计及其行走轨迹、约束边界的设计计算方法,依据曲线的内凹量,采用分段圆弧或直线逼近的方式,提出了张紧边和导向边的长度计算准则。通过发动机缸盖反拖系统试验台,在真实模拟正时链系统交变载荷和工作环境的条件下,研究了张紧板在不同转速条件下的横向振动位移的变化规律,以及不同转速条件下的噪声特性变化规律。分析结果表明,所提出的正时链系统行走轨迹计算方法,在保持该系统的适度张紧的前提下,正时链整链磨损伸长与张紧器柱塞探出量之间具有较好的谐应关系,同时,正时链系统在发动机常用转速工况下,张紧边的横向位移波动情况及噪声特性能够满足汽车发动机的动力性能要求。     

Effect of time of application and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and concentration of oil in canola (Brassica napus)

The seed (grain) yield increases (responses) and concentration of oil in seed responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) to applications of fertilizer nitrogen (N), as urea (46% N), was measured in eight field experiments in south-western Australia (SWA). Nitrogen was applied at five different times of application, either at sowing or at three to four weekly intervals until 12–16 weeks (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 0, 4, 8, 12, 16) after seedling emergence. Canola, sown in late May to early June, was grown on a range of soil types in different locations of SWA. The greater the amount of N applied and the closer N was applied to the sowing of the canola seed usually gave the largest seed yield increase at both higher rainfall sites (> 500 mm) and lower rainfall sites (<350 mm). Maximum seed yield of canola were reached within nine weeks after seedling emergence. The exception was for a sandy soil (Fluventic Lithic Xerochrept; Brown Tenosol) at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher yields compared to N applied earlier mainly due to N leaching in June and July.

The amount of N required for 90% of maximum seed (N_90%Y) yield ranged from five to 58 kg N ha^?1 with the amount depended on location and growing season. For six of the eight sites the higher amounts of N for N_90%Y were required at sowing and three weeks after emergence. Similarly, N use efficiency (NUE, kg grain produced kg N applied^?1) tended was highest for either the N applied at sowing or within three to four weeks after emergence of seedlings. The exception was for a sandy soil at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher NUE compared to N applied earlier. N use efficiency decreased as the amount of N increased for all times of N application. Generally, the amount of N applied decreased the oil concentration of canola seed at each time of application. However, the effect of the time of application of N fertilizer on the decrease in oil concentration of canola seed was largest with the highest N level applied at 12 or 16 weeks after seedling emergence. The percentage the oil concentrations decreased as the amount of N applied increased varied with location and growing season. Further research work is required to elucidate the interaction between the growing season, possible rainfall and temperature, and the effects of N on grain yield and oil concentration in seed.     

Optimising Atlantic salmon smolt survival by use of hydropower simulation modelling in a regulated river

Studies on downstream passage of diadromous fishes in northern Europe are rare, and in Norway, the problem is strongly linked to demands for efficient hydropower production. The current study explored mitigating measures using a hydropower simulation model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolt migration. Migration pattern and route choice at a hydropower intake for 22 years were described for a river in southern Norway, based on simulated data for discharge and water temperature. Subsequently, the potential for controlling the migration pattern and smolt routing past the intake by altering release patterns from the reservoirs was tested. Modelling of a general annual increase in bypass discharge from 3 to 15 m³ s^?1 increased average bypass migration from 30 to 43% at the cost of 14 € per fish. Individual release schedules from reservoirs for selected years indicated that bypass rates could be increased to 80% at an average cost of 4.5 € per fish and 2.2 € in the best years. Mitigating measures presumably depend on the specific site, but the methods developed in this study represent a general technique for evaluating increased smolt survival past hydropower intakes.     

水分管理对水稻生长期N2O排放的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,不同水分管理(持续淹水,分蘖肥后提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田)对水稻生长期N2O排放的影响。结果表明,整个水稻生长期N2O的排放集中在施分蘖肥后的烤田期间及随后复水的5~8天内。在此期间各处理N2O排放量占季节排放总量的70.30%~94.26%;烤田前淹水及后期干湿交替阶段有少量N2O排放。对持续淹水处理而言,N2O的排放通量是正常烤田处理的12.10%。提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田的平均N2O排放通量分别为188.56、158.48和147.84μg/(m2?h),随着烤田开始时间的推迟,N2O排放量逐渐减少。     

Chinook salmon emergence phenotypes: Describing the relationships between temperature,emergence timing and condition factor in a reaction norm framework

Water temperature can have a profound influence on development and distribution of aquatic species. Salmon are particularly vulnerable to temperature changes because their reproductive and early development life phases are spent in freshwater river systems where temperature fluctuates widely both daily and seasonally. Flow regulation downstream of dams can also cause temperature regime changes, which in turn may spur local adaptation of early life‐history traits. In a common garden laboratory incubation experiment, we exposed spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryos to four temperature regimes: warm stable, cold stable, daily variation and below dam. We found that fry from warmer thermal regimes emerged earlier than those from colder regimes both in terms of calendar date and temperature units and that warmer temperatures caused fry to emerge less developed. There was also a significant effect of family on both emergence timing and development level at emergence. By combining measurements of physiological and behavioural traits at emergence and interpreting them within a reaction norm framework, we can better understand which populations might be more vulnerable to altered thermal regimes.     

Simulation of the long-term effects of different strategies for precommercial thinning in Pinus sylvestris

The influence of the intensity and timing of precommercial thinning (PCT) on stand development and financial return was studied in Scots pine stands. Functions describing the early development of the stand structure after PCT were developed. The functions were based on 195 plots within 41 PCT experiments in Sweden. The dimension distribution of the established stand was estimated and used as input to the decision support system Heureka, to simulate the stand development until final felling. The studied treatments included PCT to 1000, 2000 and 3000?stems?ha^?1 at mean heights of 2, 4 and 6 m. Separate simulations were carried out for different site fertilities. Mean annual volume increment increased with increasing number of stems after PCT whereas the timing of PCT had only a small effect. The land expectation value (LEV) generally decreased with increasing mean height at PCT, primarily because of the increased cost of PCT. LEV decreased with increasing number of stems after PCT at low fertility sites whereas only minor differences were found for PCT to 1000 and 2000?stems?ha^?1 at medium and high fertility sites. The general pattern persisted when different scenarios of future timber quality were simulated.     

小功率非道路用柴油机动力、经济及排放特性

为提高小功率非道路用柴油机的动力性、经济性、降低有害物排放,开展了柴油机缸内燃烧过程的试验研究。该文以非道路用N490直喷柴油机为样机,通过对燃料喷射系统参数优化,提高喷油压力和优化喷油特性;通过对配气定时调整,提高柴油机常用转速下的充量系数;通过对燃烧室结构的优化设计,改善缸内油气混合。柴油机经优化后,性能得到大幅提升,柴油机在标定工况、最大扭矩工况燃油消耗率分别下降了3.0%、2.43%,不透光烟度分别减少了14.6%、10%;整机的CO、NO_x+HC、颗粒(PM)与原机相比分别下降了34.7%、21.5%、34.9%,排放达到了非道路国三排放标准限值要求。通过对燃料喷射系统、进气系统与燃烧室的优化匹配,完全可以在降低有害物排放的同时,提高柴油机的经济性。试验研究可为提升非道路用柴油机性能并满足国三排放法规提供技术参考。     

基于Spark的支持向量机在小麦病害图像识别中的应用

为了提高小麦病害图像分类的效率,提出了一种基于Spark的并行式支持向量机算法。首先对小麦病害图像进行滤波去噪、灰度压缩等处理,利用灰度共生矩阵、不变矩阵等从颜色、纹理和形状3个方面提取49个特征向量;然后通过数据集的切分和并行框架的支持,将大数据并行处理技术Spark与支持向量机结合,运用Scala语言实现了串行支持向量机算法的并行化,并将其应用于小麦病害图像识别。针对小麦锈病和白粉病的图像分类测试结果表明,当测试图像分别是2 600、3 900、5 120张时,该算法对锈病的分类精度依次是76.03%、81.18%、77.82%,对白粉病的分类精度依次是83.27%、85.91%、83.14%,比串行支持向量机分类精度有所提升。分类时间依次是13 928.0、18 506.1、24 897.2 ms,明显低于串行支持向量机的分类时间。改进的算法实现了小麦病害分类精度的小幅度提升,明显提高了处理速度,具有较快的学习收敛速率。     

不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响

大麦(Hordeum valgue L.)是一优质能量饲料作物,刈割是牧草管理的一种常规方式。为了研究刈割对大麦作为青（贮）饲的影响,以4份不同生态区具代表性的大麦新品种（系）为对象,分析了不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响。结果表明,所有品种第1茬饲草产量与品质均高于第2茬,重复刈割导致产草量不同程度下降,其中‘盐丰1号’降幅最小(13.0%),表现出较强的耐刈性。再次刈割,所有品种干鲜比、粗灰分含量增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量下降,粗纤维、钙、磷含量变化因品种而异。分蘖期刈割大麦,营养物质含量高于灌浆期刈割,适口性好,可直接用作青饲料,且有利于植株再生。因此,2次刈割可于分蘖期开始,选用耐刈性好的大麦品种,分蘖期刈割大麦可直接用作青饲,灌浆期刈割可作为青贮饲料。