基于不同阶数灰色系统模型的北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度预测

柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）为短生命周期种类,是西北太平洋经济头足类之一。优化资源丰度预测模型能够更科学、有效地为渔业生产提供依据。本研究利用1998—2016年北太平洋柔鱼生产统计数据,采用GM（1,1）模型对不同时间长度的资源丰度（CPUE）进行分析,选择相对误差和方差最小的CPUE序列作为母序列,与太平洋年代际震荡指数 （PDO）、产卵场平均海表温度（SGSST）、育肥场平均海表温度（FGSST）、产卵场平均叶绿素浓度（SGC）、育肥场平均叶绿素浓度（FGC）等因子进行灰色关联分析,并以此分别建立6个不同阶数的灰色预测模型[GM（0,N）模型和GM（1,N）模型],筛选误差最小的模型作为预测柔鱼资源丰度的最佳模型。结果表明,以8年CPUE序列的建模为最佳,其平均相对误差最小,为6.28%;同时,GM（0,N）模型的预测精度普遍比GM（1,N）模型的要高,其中包含2月SGSST、10月FGSST、8月FGC和10月PDO的GM（0,5）模型为最优,拟合相对误差为3.87%,预测相对误差为1.18%,可作为预测北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度的最优模型。     

The effects of rate and timing of application of fertilizer nitrogen in late summer on herbage mass and chemical composition of perennial ryegrass swards over the winter period in Northern Ireland

A small‐plot experiment was carried out in Northern Ireland on a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward over the period July 1993 to March 1994 to investigate the effect of timing and rate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application on herbage mass and its chemical composition over the winter period. Eighty treatment combinations, involving four N fertilizer application dates (28 July, 9 and 30 August and 20 September 1993), four rates of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1) and five harvest dates (1 October, 1 November, 1 December 1993, 1 February and 1 March 1994), were replicated three times in a randomized block design experiment. N application increased herbage mass at each of the harvest dates, but in general there was a decrease in response to N with increasing rate of N and delay in time of application. Mean responses to N applications were 13·0, 11·5 and 9·5 kg DM kg^?1 N at 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1 respectively. Delaying N application, which also reduced the length of the period of growth, reduced the mean response to N fertilizer from 14·3 to 7·4 kg DM kg^?1 N for N applied on 28 July and 20 September respectively. Increasing rate of N application increased the N concentration and reduced the dry‐matter (DM) content and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of the herbage but had little effect on the acid‐detergent fibre (ADF) concentration. Delaying N application increased N concentration and reduced DM content of the herbage. The effect of date of N application on WSC concentration varied between harvests. A decrease in herbage mass occurred from November onwards which was associated with a decrease in the proportion of live leaf and stem material and an increase in the proportion of dead material in the sward. It is concluded that there is considerable potential to increase the herbage mass available for autumn/early winter grazing by applying up to 60 kg N ha^?1 in early September.     

苗期与拔节期淹涝抑制夏玉米生长发育、降低产量

为了探明夏玉米对不同淹涝时期与历时的响应规律,采用防雨棚下有底测坑试验在夏玉米的苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期分别设置不同的淹涝天数(2、4、6、8、10d),分析了淹涝时期与历时对夏玉米生长发育及产量性状的影响。研究结果表明,淹涝对夏玉米株高的影响随着淹涝时期的后移而减小,苗期淹涝对株高影响最大,拔节期次之,抽雄吐丝期影响较小,且随着淹涝历时的增加株高呈降低趋势,而灌浆期淹涝对株高无显著性影响。苗期淹涝解除后,因玉米前期的补偿生长能力强,受涝处理的株高与对照(CK)间的差异随生育进程的推进逐渐减少;而拔节期淹涝植株的补偿生长能力较弱,各处理灌浆期的株高与CK间的差异仍较大。不同淹涝处理下叶面积指数(LAI)的变化趋势与株高一致,任一生育期发生淹涝,其LAI随着淹涝历时的增加逐渐降低。与CK相比,苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期淹涝使株高和LAI平均分别降低5.49%～45.26%、2.38%～35.62%、1.60%～8.23%、0.63%～5.15%和17.36%～62.42%、14.81%～46.56%、4.40%～17.34%、1.97%～15.39%。淹涝对夏玉米生长发育进程也具有明显影响,特别是在生长前期,苗期淹涝对玉米生育进程的影响最大,其次为拔节期,抽雄吐丝期影响很小,灌浆期无影响。此外,任一生育阶段发生淹涝,其果穗长、出籽率、穂粒质量、穗粒数、百粒质量和产量均随淹涝历时的增加呈降低趋势;苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆期淹涝分别减产17.98%～54.97%、9.12%～100%、2.58%～28.63%和5.93%～20.28%,其淹涝历时分别达到2、4、6、4d时就会造成显著减产,减产率分别为17.98%、21.34%、12.99%和13.52%。可见苗期和拔节期是夏玉米淹涝的关键时期,生产上应避免该生育期发生淹涝。该研究可为对夏玉米农田排水方案的合理制定、洪涝灾害损失的评估以及抗灾减灾能力的提高提供参考。     

Soil‐moisture change caused by experimental extreme summer drought is similar to natural inter‐annual variation in a loamy sand in Central Europe

Intensification of weather extremes is currently emerging as one of the most important facets of climate change. Research frontiers are in analyzing (1) the consequences for the hydrological cycle and (2) the effects of multifactor scenarios on ecosystems. However, in all theoretical and experimental scenarios, challenges arise as to how precipitation regimes translate into variation in soil moisture. Here, we explore soil‐moisture response to experimental changes in the precipitation regime in Central Europe over a period of 5 y, particularly focusing on the effects of recurrent extreme weather events. Intraannual difference in weekly precipitation sums imposed by extreme‐drought or heavy‐rainfall manipulations clearly exceeded interannual variation in the ambient precipitation pattern during the growing season between 2005 and 2009. However, soil‐moisture variability in the experimental plots did not clearly reflect any altered patterns in response to the manipulated precipitation regime. Natural variation in soil moisture between years was similar to within‐season differences between manipulations. Strong differences in soil‐moisture dynamics during the growing season can, however, be generated by changing the temporal distribution of rainfall events while keeping the magnitude of the precipitation sum constant. Our findings confirm a common methodological dilemma in precipitation‐change experiments searching for a logical way to determine how precipitation change affects communities and ecosystems on relatively short time scales: Alteration of weather regimes according to extreme‐value statistics and future scenarios vs. systematic alteration of soil moisture. For Central Europe, our data suggest that other factors rather than the magnitude of rainfall exclusion or addition would appear to be decisive for ecosystem response to more extreme precipitation regimes. Response of soil moisture to frequency, return interval, and timing of events is a promising approach for further exploration. In addition, buffer capacity of the ecosystem under study has to be taken into account.     

COMPARISON BETWEEN BOLUS TRACKING AND TIMING‐BOLUS TECHNIQUES FOR RENAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY IN NORMAL CATS

Renal dual‐phase computed tomograpic angiography (CTA) is used to assess suitability of feline donors prior to transplantation. A prerequisite for successful CTA is optimal synchronization between the arterial passage of contrast material and CT data acquisition. This retrospective study was conducted to compare quality of renal vascular enhancement at dual‐phase CTA in normal cats between two techniques of timing of data acquisition: the timing‐bolus and the bolus tracking method. Nine cats were scanned using the timing‐bolus technique and 14 with the bolus tracking technique using otherwise similar scanning parameters in a 16‐slice multidetector row CT scanner. The quality of enhancement of the renal vessels at the scanned arterial phase and venous phase was assessed both subjectively and objectively by three board‐certified radiologists. Arterial enhancement was not observed at the scanned arterial phase in three of the nine cats with the timing‐bolus technique but only 1 of the 14 cats with the bolus tracking technique. Early venous enhancement at the scanned arterial phase was common with the bolus tracking technique. Data acquisition was significantly faster with the bolus tracking technique. We conclude that the bolus tracking technique is a valid technique that could be integrated into the routine protocol for 16‐detector row CT renal angiography in cats.     

Common reed (Phragmites australis) control is influenced by the timing of herbicide application

Herbicides are typically used as the primary method of weed control. Since common reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) infestations in terms of density are relatively large in the State of Nebraska, USA, determining the most appropriate timing of herbicide application is critical for developing a weed management programme. Therefore, several field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at three locations along the Platte River, Nebraska, with the aim of assessing the effect of herbicide selection and timing of application on common reed control. Three herbicides (glyphosate, imazapyr, and imazamox) were applied either alone at two doses or as two-way mixtures on three growth stages of common reed, including vegetative, flowering, and seed filling stages. Both doses of imazapyr (280 and 560 g active ingredient [a] ha^?1) provided the highest level of control (≥ 92%) across all three timings, while imazamox provided the lowest level of control. For example, imazamox applied alone at 280 and 560 g a ha^?1 provided poor control (≤ 60%) across all three timings at the highest rating date. Imazapyr and glyphosate provided the highest levels of control (90%) by the end of the first growing season and into the next growing season (390 to 450 days after treatment, DAT), regardless of the herbicide application time. Imazamox and glyphosate provided the lowest level of control (< 30%) at the first application time at 450 DAT, but slightly improved control with later timings (74% and 85% control at the flowering and seed filling stages, respectively). Stem density decreased in all herbicide applications and timings except for imazamox at both doses during the vegetative growth stage, which was not significantly different than the untreated control.     

基于有限元法的发动机曲轴定时齿轮的优化设计

基于有限元分析方法,在静态分析基础之上,以发动机曲轴定时齿轮的厚度为设计的变量,以发动机曲轴定时齿轮的质量作为目标函数,建立发动机曲轴定时齿轮的优化模型。采用ANSYS对发动机曲轴定时齿轮进行有限元的结构分析和优化,从而优化发动机曲轴与凸轮轴之间的传动。     

汽车发动机正时链系统行走轨迹计算与试验

在已知汽车发动机配气正时机构三轴坐标的基础上,研究了正时链系统几何布局设计及其行走轨迹、约束边界的设计计算方法,依据曲线的内凹量,采用分段圆弧或直线逼近的方式,提出了张紧边和导向边的长度计算准则。通过发动机缸盖反拖系统试验台,在真实模拟正时链系统交变载荷和工作环境的条件下,研究了张紧板在不同转速条件下的横向振动位移的变化规律,以及不同转速条件下的噪声特性变化规律。分析结果表明,所提出的正时链系统行走轨迹计算方法,在保持该系统的适度张紧的前提下,正时链整链磨损伸长与张紧器柱塞探出量之间具有较好的谐应关系,同时,正时链系统在发动机常用转速工况下,张紧边的横向位移波动情况及噪声特性能够满足汽车发动机的动力性能要求。     

Effect of time of application and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and concentration of oil in canola (Brassica napus)

The seed (grain) yield increases (responses) and concentration of oil in seed responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) to applications of fertilizer nitrogen (N), as urea (46% N), was measured in eight field experiments in south-western Australia (SWA). Nitrogen was applied at five different times of application, either at sowing or at three to four weekly intervals until 12–16 weeks (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 0, 4, 8, 12, 16) after seedling emergence. Canola, sown in late May to early June, was grown on a range of soil types in different locations of SWA. The greater the amount of N applied and the closer N was applied to the sowing of the canola seed usually gave the largest seed yield increase at both higher rainfall sites (> 500 mm) and lower rainfall sites (<350 mm). Maximum seed yield of canola were reached within nine weeks after seedling emergence. The exception was for a sandy soil (Fluventic Lithic Xerochrept; Brown Tenosol) at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher yields compared to N applied earlier mainly due to N leaching in June and July.

The amount of N required for 90% of maximum seed (N_90%Y) yield ranged from five to 58 kg N ha^?1 with the amount depended on location and growing season. For six of the eight sites the higher amounts of N for N_90%Y were required at sowing and three weeks after emergence. Similarly, N use efficiency (NUE, kg grain produced kg N applied^?1) tended was highest for either the N applied at sowing or within three to four weeks after emergence of seedlings. The exception was for a sandy soil at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher NUE compared to N applied earlier. N use efficiency decreased as the amount of N increased for all times of N application. Generally, the amount of N applied decreased the oil concentration of canola seed at each time of application. However, the effect of the time of application of N fertilizer on the decrease in oil concentration of canola seed was largest with the highest N level applied at 12 or 16 weeks after seedling emergence. The percentage the oil concentrations decreased as the amount of N applied increased varied with location and growing season. Further research work is required to elucidate the interaction between the growing season, possible rainfall and temperature, and the effects of N on grain yield and oil concentration in seed.