The effect of timing of extended photoperiod on growth and maturity of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

The influence of timing of extended photoperiods on growth and maturity of brook trout was investigated in a 112‐day experiment. The fish with mean initial weight of ~192 g were reared under four light regimes: one control group with natural ambient photoperiod and three groups exposed to an 18L:6D regime initiated at days 1, 23 or 46 of the growth trial. Light‐emitting diodes, with intensity of 250–1000 lux, depending on the distance from the light source, were used for extending light periods. There was a positive effect of prolonged day length on fish growth (p < 0.05), and a delay in gonad development and sexual maturity. Significantly higher numbers of sexually mature fish were found among controls groups, regardless of sex. Survival rate was not affected by light regime. This study demonstrated that the short‐term expansion of the photo period delayed maturation and increased the growth rate of brook trout.     

不同侵染时期对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON积累的影响

为明确不同侵染时期对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON的积累情况,在2015年和2016年于河南省焦作市温县黄庄镇西虢村田间进行小麦(‘豫保1号’和‘周麦18’)不同生育期接种对病穗率、病情指数、病粒率和籽粒中DON毒素积累的影响试验。结果表明:小麦赤霉病菌在抽穗盛期(DAA=-6,Zadoks=55～57)至灌浆中期(DAA=14或15,Zadoks=75)都能侵染麦穗,但在始花期前3～4 d的齐穗期(DAA=-3或-4,Zadoks=59)至始花期后4 d的灌浆初期(DAA=4,Zadoks=71)处理的病穗率、病情指数和病粒率显著高于其他处理(P0.05),其中盛花末期(DAA=1,Zadoks=69)处理的侵染率最高,为小麦赤霉病菌侵染发病的关键生育期。此外,在套袋保湿2 d的条件下赤霉病菌在小麦始花期前6 d的抽穗盛期(DAA=-6,Zadoks=55～57)和始花期后10 d的乳熟期(DAA=10,Zadoks=73)也能有较高的侵染率。在籽粒中DON积累方面,‘豫保1号’所有处理的籽粒中DON含量与病穗率、病情指数和病粒率的趋势一致,都是盛花末期(DAA=1,Zadoks=69)处理的籽粒中DON含量最高(P0.05),且间隔时间离盛花末期(Zadoks=69)越近籽粒中DON含量越高;而‘周麦18’齐穗期(DAA=-4,Zadoks=59)至灌浆中期(DAA=14,Zadoks=75)处理的没有显著性差异,说明小麦赤霉病菌在始花期后14 d的灌浆中期侵染也能引起籽粒中DON的大量积累。     

福建星火科技12396手机应用系统的构建与应用

为给农业科技人员服务三农提供一个信息服务平台,以互联网为基础,整合福建省农村科技信息数据库、"12396"专家热线电话、专题网站和手机客户端软件,建立福建星火科技12396信息服务体系。重点介绍了基于android平台的手机客户端软件"福建星火科技12396手机应用系统"主要功能实现、安装方法与应用实例。系统的初步应用的效果显示,该系统实现科技信息的实时和交互传播,拓展了农业科技人员服务三农的手段,有助于提高农技推广效率。     

单点交叉口信号配时优化与碳排放的案例

阐释城市道路单点信号控制交叉口存在的问题及其改善措施.选取福州市马尾区罗星西路与青州路十字信号控制交叉口,调查分析该交叉口原配时方案,发现该交叉口存在早、晚高峰现象,且信号配时不优.运用Synchro软件进行交通配时优化,得出信号配时方案,再运用Vissim软件进行仿真,优化后该交叉口各个进口道的平均排队长度和延误时间均降低.将信号管制下交叉口范围内的碳排放作为评价指标进行分析,该交叉口信号配时优化后早、晚高峰碳排放量分别降低21.47%和18.06%.     

近年来新疆第二产业内部结构的时空变化特征分析——基于分行业就业人口分布的实证研究

新疆地域广阔,受各地州市自然基础、资源禀赋、历史文化等条件差异的影响,第二产业内部各行业地区差异较大,就业人口分布也不均衡。本文利用2000-2011年新疆分行业就业人口统计数据、行政区划面积和行政区划图等资料,采用地统计学、时间序列分析方法,结合GIS、Geoda空间分析工具,对新疆第二产业内部的空间结构特征和时序变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：①新疆第二产业内部各行业具有独特的形态分布。2011年新疆第二产业内部采矿业,制造业,电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业,建筑业分别呈现出两个独立中心-外围结构、两个“C” 型结构、“一轴两翼”结构、和“一”字型结构;②2011年新疆第二产业内部存在空间集聚现象,行业和地域分布不同。阿克苏地区、喀什地区是采矿业、制造业显著聚集的区域,阿克苏地区是电力行业显著聚集的地区。③2000-2011年期间新疆第二产业内部不同行业之间比重有较大的差别,采矿业和电力行业对第二产业内部结构的变动起着重要的作用。     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

Control of weed barley species in winter wheat with sulfosulfuron at different rates and times of application

Field experiments were conducted at five locations in the major wheat production regions of Iran to evaluate the efficacy of sulfosulfuron in controlling weed barley species (including Hordeum spontaneum , Hordeum murinum , Hordeum distichon , and Hordeum vulgare ) in the 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. Sulfosulfuron was applied either postemergence (POST) or preplant-incorporated (PPI) at 0, 20.25, 30.75, 40.5, 51.0, 60.75 or 71.25 g ai ha⁻¹ to plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Sulfosulfuron at the recommended rate (20.25 g ai ha⁻¹) failed to provide acceptable control of the weed barley species. However, the level of control increased with the application rate, particularly at rates >51.0 g ai ha⁻¹. Generally, PPI-applied sulfosulfuron resulted in markedly greater control levels than those of a POST application and complete control of H. murinum and H. vulgare was achieved with PPI-applied sulfosulfuron at all rates >20.25 and 30.75 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. In most cases, the wheat yield increased with the application rate without any crop injury. The highest yield increase (186%) was obtained with a PPI application of 71.25 g ai ha⁻¹.     

Investigating the selectivity of weed harrowing with new methods

In six field experiments on post‐emergence weed harrowing in spring barley, the effects of row spacing, timing, direction and orientation on crop/weed selectivity were investigated. The efficacies of increasing intensities of harrowing generated either by increasing number of passes or increasing driving speed were also tested. Selectivity was defined as the relationship between crop burial in soil immediately after treatment and weed control. To estimate crop burial, digital image analysis was used in order to make objective estimations. The study showed that narrow row spacing decreased selectivity in a late crop growth stage, whereas row spacing in the range 5.3–24 cm had no effects at an early growth stage. Harrowing across rows decreased selectivity in one out of two experiments. Whether repeated passes with the harrow were carried out in the same orientation along the rows or in alternative orientations forth and back was unimportant. There were indications that a high harrowing intensity produced by a single pass at high speed gave a lower selectivity than a similar intensity produced by several passes at a low speed. Impacts on selectivity, however, were small and only significant at high degrees of weed control. Timing had no significant impact on selectivity.     

小功率管式臭氧发生器电源与定时控制设计

介绍了用于果蔬保鲜的小功率管式电晕放电型臭氧发生器电源电路利用电晕放电原理产生臭氧（O3）的工作过程。根据臭氧发生管放电极的空间布局上的特点,设计双变压器回路给予供电,并辅以STC89C52RC单片机控制电路,实现定时可控功能。该设计克服了传统果蔬保鲜臭氧发生器电源模块庞大的缺点,并根据臭氧发生器的机械结构特点设计了合适的电路板,使电源模块体积减小,节省了安装空间。