影响四冲程小型通用汽油机排放因素的试验分析

针对国内小型通用汽油机工业的发展状况,以美国和欧盟的小型通用汽油机第二阶段排放法规为依据,对188F小型通用汽油机进行试验研究;从生产控制出发,用五气分析仪检测汽油机尾气排放物的浓度,给出测量值与整机排放值的关系.试验给出了小型通用汽油机达到美国和欧盟第二阶段排放限值和能优化汽油机综合性能的方法和措施.     

Effects of reproductive timing and hatch date on fathead minnow recruitment

Abstract –  Timing of reproduction can be an important determinant of recruitment success for fish in strongly seasonal environments, both for individuals hatching at different times over extended spawning seasons and for entire cohorts, if the spawning period is accelerated or delayed among years. To examine potential demographic consequences of delayed spawning, we staggered dates that fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) were introduced into experimental ponds in Alberta, Canada, by 3 weeks and compared growth and survival of offspring from early- and late-stocked fish. By autumn, size and mass were consistently greater in early-hatched minnows, regardless of cohort density. Size differences between treatments persisted through the second summer, which likely contributed to a higher proportion of early-hatched fish reaching sexual maturity as yearlings compared with late-hatched counterparts. Because late spawning can limit growth and subsequent maturation of progeny, temporal variability in reproductive timing should be considered when assessing recruitment potential of new year-classes.     

交流串级调速系统的分析

分析了交流串级调速系统工作时的主要特征，推导出了串级调速时的等效电路、方程式，并据此对其与正常接线或转子回路串电阻调速时的效率做了一般性的定性分析和比较。     

基于计数器的可编程定时电路

介绍了一种基于计数器的可编程定时电路。该电路采用多级计数器/分频器,配合CMOS门电路,实现了电路的定时功能。     

Effect of increasing the time between slurry application and first rainfall event on phosphorus concentrations in runoff

Minimizing slurry phosphorus (P) losses in runoff requires careful management in the context of both soil P surpluses and changing patterns in rainfall. Increasing the time interval between slurry application and the first rainstorm event is known to reduce P loss in runoff although the risk period for elevated P concentrations in runoff can extend for weeks. This study investigated the impact of increasing the time interval between slurry application and first rainstorm event on P concentrations in runoff. Simulated rainfall (40 mm h⁻¹) was applied at 2, 4, 10, 18, 30 and 49 days after dairy slurry was surface-applied to a grassland sward in Ireland. Increasing time to runoff resulted in a decrease in dissolved reactive P concentrations from 5.0 to 1.0 mg P L⁻¹ and a P signal in runoff for 18 days. Beyond 18 days, elevated P concentrations were observed in runoff collected from natural rainfall that preceded the day 49 rainstorm event. A published surface phosphorus and runoff model (SurPhos) was used to understand the slurry P dynamics controlling P interactions with runoff. Dissolved reactive P in runoff was predicted with accuracy by SurPhos, R² = .89. The SurPhos model implied that slurry P mineralization occurred during the experimental period that resulted in a small spike in P concentrations beyond the defined risk period. This study shows that the experimental data have the potential to be extrapolated to different weather scenarios using SurPhos and could test when and where slurry P could be most safely spread.     

Yield and water use of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) under full and deficit irrigation regimes

Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water use of field grown eggplants. A total of 8 irrigation treatments (four each year), which received different amounts of irrigation water, were evaluated. In 2008, deficit irrigation was applied at full vegetative growth (WS-V), pre-flowering (WS-F) and fruit ripening (WS-R), while in 2009 deficit irrigation was applied during the whole growing season at 80 (WS-80), 60 (WS-60) and 40% (WS-40) of field capacity. Deficit-irrigated treatments were in both years compared to a well irrigated control. Regular readings of soil water content (SWC) in 2008 and 2009 showed that average soil water deficit (SWD) in the control was around 30% of total available water (TAW) while in deficit-irrigated treatments it varied between 50 and 75% of TAW. In 2008, deficit irrigation reduced fruit fresh yield by 35, 25 and 33% in WS-V, WS-F and WS-R treatments, respectively, when compared to the control (33.0 t ha⁻¹). However, the reduction in fresh yield in response to deficit irrigation was compensated by an increase in fruit mean weight. Results obtained in 2009 showed that fruit fresh yield in the control was 33.7 t ha⁻¹, while it was 12, 39 and 60% less in WS-80, WS-60 and WS-40 treatments, respectively. On the other hand, fruit dry matter content and water productivity were found to increase significantly in both years in deficit-irrigated treatments. Applying deficit irrigation for 2 weeks prior to flowering (WS-F) resulted in water saving of the same magnitude of the WS-80 treatment, with the least yield reduction, making more water available to irrigate other crops, and thereby considered optimal strategies for drip-irrigated eggplants in the semi-arid climate of the central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon.     

超排过程中不同发情时间对胚胎生产效果的影响

在牛胚胎生产过程中,由于不同牛只存在个体差异（如超排月龄、体重、营养状况、卵巢发育情况及初情期月龄等）,其对外界环境的适应能力存在不同的差异;目的：如何有效的控制好供体母牛同期发情的发情时间,提升超排后胚胎的质量与数量。方法：笔者选用10-16月龄的纯种肉用型西门塔尔牛进行胚胎生产,通过对112头次10-16月龄牛只超排进行胚胎生产并对相关数据进行统计分析;结果：根据认真观察记录供体牛只拆栓后的发情期表现,出现部分牛只提前发情或延迟发情现象,其中大部分牛只处于拆栓后24h前后两h集中发情情况;结论：供体母牛在拆栓后24h前后两h集中发情的牛只,其头均生产胚胎的数量与质量均优于延迟发情和提前发情的牛只。     

NITROGEN RATES AND ITS TIME OF APPLICATION INFLUENCE DRY MATTER PARTITIONING AND GRAIN YIELD IN MAIZE PLANTED AT LOW AND HIGH DENSITIES

Best nitrogen (N) management practices are most important for increasing maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and profitability in Northwest Pakistan. Field experiments were performed at the New Developmental Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during summer 2002 and 2003. Factorial experimental treatments were two plant densities (D₁ = 60,000 and D₂ = 100,000 plants ha^?1) and three N rates (N₁ = 60, N₂ = 120 and N₃ = 180 kg N ha^?1) as main plots, and six split N applications in different proportions at different growth stages of maize (cv. ‘Azam’) in two equal, three equal, three unequal, four equal, five equal and five unequal splits at sowing and with first, second, third, and fourth irrigation at two week intervals as subplots. Application of the higher N rate (180 kg ha^?1) with 4 to 5 splits significantly increased leaf, stem, ear, and total plant dry weight at silking and physiological maturity as well as grain yield plant^?1 at both low and high plant densities. Variation in dry matter partitioning and grain yield in maize due to fluctuation in the rainfall data of the two years suggests zonal specific effective N management practices for sustainable maize production in different agro-ecological zones of Northwest Pakistan.     

不确定条件下的生产外包时机研究

不确定条件下的生产外包具有期权特征。考虑价格与成本都具有不确定性,借助实物期权方法建立了生产外包决策模型,对外包时机进行了研究,得到了期权价值与外包阈值公式。通过数值模拟,分析了相关系数、波动率对阈值及波动率对期权价值的影响。     

Improving spring and summer fungicide treatments for winter barley

The response of winter barley to broad-spectrum fungicides applied at first node stage [growth stage (GS) 31] or as two-spray programmes [first node stage and flag leaf to ear emergence (GS 39–59)] was examined at 22 sites over five years during 1986–1990. Single sprays were also applied at an intermediate timing [third node to flag leaf emerging (GS 33–37)] at all sites in 1989 and 1990. The mean response to the single spray at GS 30–31 was 0.86 t ha⁻¹ but ranged from 0.25 to 3.03 t ha⁻¹ (4–80%). With the addition of a late spray (GS 39–59) of propiconazole plus tridemorph to the spring treatment, mean response was 1.25 t ha⁻¹ [range 0.35–3.32 t ha⁻¹ (5–87%)]. There were some differences between fungicides and fungicide mixtures applied at GS 31 and a prochloraz component was needed for effective control of eyespot. Seasonal differences in the mean response to the GS 39–59 treatment reflected differences in disease pressure after GS 59. The GS 30–31 treatment failed to maintain disease control up to the milky ripe stage (GS 75) in years when disease pressure was high. Yield responses were correlated with disease severity on leaf 2 at the time of the spring (GS 31) application and with the degree of control of eyespot on the stem base and of foliar diseases on the flag leaf at GS 75. A single spray applied at GS 33–37 gave comparable yields to the two-spray programmes and has potential to improve profitability where disease levels are low at the first node stage.