陇东塬区周年水资源分布及对农业生产的影响

通过分析黄土高原典型残塬"董志塬"麦田周年水资源、不同季节水资源、冬小麦返青后生长期水资源构成,揭示了陇东黄土高原塬区麦田不同时段水资源潜力。结果表明多数年份早春土壤有效贮水量占生长季水资源总量20%以上,最高可达到38%。春季麦田水资源64%来源于早春土壤水库贮水,秋季麦田水资源52%来源于初秋土壤水库贮水,由于麦田春季消耗了大量土壤水库贮水,夏季麦田水资源只有22%来源于春末土壤水库贮水。冬小麦返青后生长期水资源一半来源于早春土壤贮水,一半来源于返青后生长期降水量。鉴于冬小麦既可以利用上年收墒期降水,又可以利用当年生长期降水,对周年水资源利用率较高,针对陇东塬区两年三熟的种植方式,建议采用冬小麦+小秋作物的种植模式,既可以变两年三熟为一年两熟,又可以提高土地利用率,有效利用光、热、水资源,增加单位面积产出。     

华南典型人工林的土壤物理性质及其水源涵养功能

对杉木、马尾松、湿地松、尾叶桉和马占相思林的土壤物理性质、凋落物持水量以及土壤贮水性能进行了研究。5种林分土壤的毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均为上层大于下层,而土壤容重为上层小于下层。总体来看,5种林分中杉木和马占相思林土壤疏松、孔隙度大;尾叶桉林土壤紧实、孔隙度小,马尾松林和湿地松的土壤孔隙度中等。凋落物最大持水量呈现杉木林(18thm-2)>马占相思林(15thm-2)>尾叶桉林(14thm-2)>马尾松林(11thm-2)>湿地松林(10thm-2)。土壤是森林涵养水源的主体,其最大持水量占林地最大持水量的99%以上,顺序为杉木林地和马占相思林(2064和2061thm-2)>湿地松林(2041thm-2)>马尾松林(2032thm-2)>尾叶桉林(1941thm-2)。林地最大持水量的顺序为杉木林地(2082thm-2)>马占相思林地(2076thm-2)>湿地松林地(2051thm-2)>马尾松林地(2043thm-2)>尾叶桉林地(1955thm-2)。     

区域水资源承载力的研究进展

概述了区域水资源承载力的研究现状、概念、研究方法、评价指标、度量。强调了系统研究区域水资源承载力的重要现实意义,指出了区域水资源承载力研究中存在的不足,以及有待进一步研究的问题,为区域水资源承载力的进一步的研究提供参考。     

甘草水氮效应研究及基于有效成分的水氮方案

为研究不同水氮配比对甘草生长及活性成分含量的影响,并提出基于水、氮因子的甘草有效成分含量的灌水施氮方案,以乌拉尔甘草为研究对象,设4种灌溉定额,4个氮肥水平,采用裂区试验设计,研究水、氮因子及其组合对甘草生长指标及有效成分的效应,并依据活性成分建立回归模型寻优,结合Topsis综合评价法确定最优的灌水施氮方案。结果表明：灌水极显著增加株高、侧枝数、根长、根鲜质量、根干质量、甘草酸、甘草苷及总黄酮含量;施氮显著影响株高、侧枝数、根长、根鲜质量、根干质量、甘草酸及总黄酮含量;水氮交互显著影响株高、根长、根鲜质量、根干质量、甘草酸、甘草苷及总黄酮含量。回归分析可知,当灌溉定额为3 000 m²/hm²,氮肥施量分别为108.86 kg/hm²、134.20 kg/hm²和144.28 kg/hm² 时,对应的甘草酸、甘草苷和总黄酮含量最高,分别为1.270%、0.670% 和7.173%。结合Topsis综合评价法分析,得出甘草活性成分含量最大化的最优灌溉定额为3 000 m²/hm²,氮肥施量为108.86～144.28 kg/hm²。株高、侧枝数及根长与甘草有效成分含量相关性比较高,可作为甘草有效成分筛选的指标。     

不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树叶面积和产量的影响

以陕西榆林山地矮化密植梨枣树为研究对象,分析了不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树生育期内叶面积指数、果实发育和产量的影响。结果表明,不同水肥处理叶面积指数在枣树果实膨大期达到高峰,且稳定持续至果实成熟期末期,随后叶面积指数开始下降。叶面积指数随着萌芽展叶期灌水量的增加而增加,所有水肥处理下,枣数叶面积指数最大的是高水中肥处理(W1N2)；所有处理中,高水、低水处理与低肥相组合,果实体积最大,中灌水处理为不施肥时果实的体积最大。单位枝长的果实数目最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),最低的是低水处理(W3),在一定范围内,适当施肥能促进枣果单位枝长的果实数目的增加,但肥液浓度过大,反而会抑制其增加。在一定条件下,所有处理中产量最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),产量超过2000kg/亩,最低的是低水高肥处理(W3N1),产量不到1000kg/亩。因此可以选择中水中肥处理(W2N2),能获得最高的产量。     

重庆市荣昌区饮用水源地环境评估与管理对策

为保障城镇居民饮水安全,从水源地环境管理状况和水源地水质评价2个方面对环境状况进行评估。结果表明,虽然高升桥饮用水源地综合评估结果为优秀,水质状况较好,但在水源地管理方面仍存在较多问题。针对监测能力、监管能力不足和群众环保意识薄弱等问题,提出了相关对策。     

Accelerated ageingof wheat grains: Part I- Influence on rheological properties of wheat flour

Natural ageing is defined as handling and storage of freshly harvested grain for several years under storage condition to achieve suitable flour quality after milling. Accelerated ageing of wheat which is obtained using higher temperature during a specific storage time under controlled relative humidity may improve the quality of wheat flour. The present study addresses the effect of accelerated ageing on the rheological properties of wheat flour produced by freshly harvested wheat. The process of accelerated aging was performed by three different factors including rise in wheat moisture content (16, 18 and 20% w/w), control of storage temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and control of the storage time (2, 5 and 8 days) using a central composite design. After the grain milling, rheological properties of wheat flour of different treatments were studied. Results indicated that promoting the storage time to 8 days and temperature up to 40°C could improve rheological properties such as dough stability, dough development time and farinograph quality number. This phenomenon may be due to oxidation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds resulting in increasing strength and improving flour quality. Increasing moisture content and storing in higher temperatures resulted in weakening rheological properties.     

Assessing appetite of the swimming fish based on spontaneous collective behaviors in a recirculating aquaculture system

In order to realize the real-time appetite-based feeding in aquaculture, a novel and practical method, based on the quantification of the spontaneous collective behaviors, was proposed in this study to assess the real-time appetite of the swimming fish in a recirculating aquaculture system. First, foreground feature points of fish school were extracted using an improved complex network. Then, covariance, a modified social force model and a kinetic energy model were used to analyze the collective behaviors of the school from perspectives of dispersion degree, interaction force and the changing magnitude of the water flow field, respectively. Finally, the quantified behavioral characteristics were integrated and used to assess the appetite of fish school. The presented method shows its good performance in the expression of the collective behaviors representing five typical appetites (0.01, 0.52, 1.28, 2.26 and 2.92), and the assessing accuracy of the appetite of the school is also maintained at a low non-match rate ((2.19 ± 0.81)% best) in the context of ten different sampling durations.     

PTDCA模式在黄土丘陵区防护林建设中的应用

笔者通过黄土丘陵区防护林综合配套技术构建的实践与探索,结合林业工程的生态公益性出发,以参与式PDCA项目周期管理方法为基础,创造性地引入培训(Train)这一环节,提出了增能扩效PTDCA项目周期管理模式。具体阐述了PTDCA的涵义,从制定计划、培训、项目实施、监测评估和完善改进5个方面介绍了PTDCA在防护林建设中的应用过程,指出了项目实施具有提高森林覆盖率、提高造林成活率与保存率、增加林木生长量和加强培训效果4个方面的成效,最后对PTDCA项目周期管理模式今后的发展进行了展望。