牡丹江林区土壤分布规律浅析

牡丹江林区土壤分布规律为由东向西地带性土壤的垂直分布特点显著,随山体自下而上的土壤分布规律为:沼泽土→草甸土→暗棕壤→棕色针叶林土→亚高山灌丛草甸土;由西南向东北土壤的水平分布也有一定的变化趋势;因受各种成土条件及人为因素制约,不同地区土壤的小区分布也各有差异。     

Variation in glomalin in soil profiles and its association with climatic conditions,shelterbelt characteristics,and soil properties in poplar shelterbelts of Northeast China

Glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP)sequesters large amounts of carbon and plays important roles in maintaining terrestrial soil ecosystem functions and ecological restoration;however,little is known about GRSP variation in 1-m soil profiles and its association with stand characteristics,soil properties,and climatic conditions,hindering GRSP-related degraded soil improvement and GRSP evaluation.In this study,we sampled soils from 1-m profiles from poplar(Populus spp.)shelterbelts in Northeast China.GRSP contents were 1.8–2.0 times higher in the upper 40 cm soil layers than at 40–100 cm.GRSP-related soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in deeper soil layers was*1.2 times higher than in surface layers.The amounts of GRSP-related nutrients were similar throughout the soil profile.A redundancy analysis showed that in both surface and deeper layers,soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity,water,SOC,and soil nutrients)explained the majority of the GRSP variation(59.5–84.2%);the second-most-important factor in GRSP regulation was climatic conditions(temperature,precipitation,and altitude),while specific shelterbelt characteristics had negligible effects(<5%).Soil depth and climate indirectly affected GRSP features via soil properties,as manifested by structural equation model analysis.Our findings demonstrate that GRSP is important for carbon storage in deep soils,regardless of shelterbelt characteristics.Future glomalin assessments should consider these vertical patterns and possible regulating mechanisms that are related to soil properties and climatic changes.     

Soil salinity and sodicity effects of wastewater irrigation in South East Australia

Although ‘sewage farming’ or wastewater irrigation started in Australia in the latter parts of the 19th century, it was in the late 1960s that a considerable interest was revived in arid and semi-arid parts of the world due to scarcity of alternative water sources and the urgency to increase local food production. The practice has manifold benefits in the form of water conservation, nutrient recycling, surface and ground water pollution prevention. But for arid and semi-arid regions like many parts of Australia, while wastewater irrigation can be an attractive solution to irrigation water problems, it might not be the ideal solution for the common soil types encountered in these regions. Due to characteristic low rainfall, high evaporation and low leaching, these soils tend to have higher salt accumulations. This paper examines the soil salinity and sodicity effects of wastewater irrigation in soil types typical to South Eastern Australia and takes the soils of Western Treatment Plant (WTP) as a case study to highlight these issues.     

青羊参凝乳剂提取及其对乳饼制作工艺的影响

以青羊参叶为原料,研究了其有效凝乳成分的提取方法,并在乳饼加工过程中进行了验证。结果表明,青羊参凝乳剂的最佳提取温度为4℃,最佳提取的液料比为20 mL/g,最佳提取溶液为10 mmol/L柠檬酸-磷酸缓冲液;与传统直接添加青羊参叶浸泡液的方法相比,使用青羊参凝乳剂制成的乳饼蛋白质回收率、脂肪回收率和乳饼得率均显著提升(P0.05);质构和微观结构显示,使用青羊参凝乳剂制作的乳饼具有更适宜的硬度和较高的粘着度,凝胶网络结构分布均匀。     

Wet aggregate stability as affected by excess carbonate and other soil properties

Aggregate stability is a fundamental property influencing soil erodibility and hydraulic characteristics. Knowledge of soil components controlling aggregate stability is very important to soil structure conservation. The objective of this study, which was carried out in surface soils from central Greece, was to relate wet aggregate stability to selected soil properties, with emphasis on excessive free carbonate content. The wet‐sieving technique of air‐dried aggregates was used for structural stability evaluation, according to a test that calculates an instability index. The soils studied were developed on Tertiary marly parent material and ranged in calcium carbonate content from 5 to 641 g kg⁻¹. From the texture analysis before and after removal of carbonates, it was concluded that carbonates mainly contributed to total silt and sand fractions, that is to the mechanical fractions which, as a rule, negatively affect aggregate stability. The results of the correlation analysis showed that aggregate stability was positively affected by aluminosilicate clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and Al‐containing sesquioxides. Clay fraction from carbonates and total sand and silt negatively affected aggregate stability. CEC has been proved a very significant determinant of aggregate stability, which in a hyperbolic form relationship with instability index explained 78·9 per cent of aggregate stability variation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

数字土壤及其应用研究进展

  目的  为实现土壤剖面信息的快速采集,并保证数据的一致性与完整性。  方法  在土壤信息采集现状分析基础上,遵照MVC设计规范,采用SQLite数据库,基于iOS操作系统设计并开发了土壤剖面信息采集系统。  结果  土壤剖面信息采集系统设计了2个主表与83个查找表,方便用户快速录入剖面相关信息,增强交互界面友好性和数据规范化,开发了基于iOS系统的App程序,可以通过iPhone或iPad安装使用。  结论  通过系统测试及应用,表明利用该App进行土壤剖面信息采集系统切实可行,在土壤剖面信息采集方面具有很好的数据一致性,减少后期录入与整理的人工成本,可为科研工作者野外土壤剖面采样及第三次土壤普查等工作提供技术支撑,具有较强的应用价值。     

环秦岭区域植烟土壤养分状况及其与烟叶品质的关系

  目的  研究云贵高原地区烟田土壤肥力评价的尺度效应,为精准施肥和不同层级土壤管理决策提供科学依据。  方法  贵州省六盘水市钟山、水城和盘州3个烟区分别采集了100、180和220个典型烟田的耕层（0 ~ 20 cm）土样,选取pH、有机质（OM）、碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）、交换性镁（Mg^{2 +} ）、水溶性氯（Cl⁻）、有效硼（B）和有效锌（Zn）9个肥力指标,分别基于市域（L,500个样点）尺度和烟区尺度（S,3个烟区各自样点）,利用主成分分析法确定了各肥力指标的权重,采用加权和法计算了烟田土壤综合肥力指标（Integrated Fertility Index,IFI）,采用简单克里格插值法形成了IFI空间分布图。  结果  ①土壤肥力指标受烟区、环境变量（海拔、年均气温和降雨量）、土壤类型和成土母质的影响。不同尺度计算出的土壤肥力指标权重之间存在明显差异,土壤肥力指标权重的相对差异随样点数量的增加而升高。②L和S尺度下,3个烟区IFI均值大于0.5。钟山和盘州L尺度的IFI显著高于S尺度（P < 0.05）,水城无显著差异。在IFI较高级别以下（< 0.6）范围内,3个烟区L尺度下的烟田数量均少于S尺度。③不同尺度下IFI的空间分布格局差异在不同烟区表现不同,相较于L尺度,S尺度下钟山东北部高值区（0.8 ~ 1）减少,西北部及东南部低值区（0 ~ 0.4）增加。水城和盘州分布格局较相似,水城S尺度下的图斑更为破碎,盘州S尺度下中值区（0.4 ~ 0.6）面积增加。④样点数量和密度影响着烟区L和S尺度下IFI的图斑数量差异,样点越多,越适合采用L尺度进行评价。  结论  云贵高原烟田土壤肥力评价过程存在明显的尺度效应,进行土壤肥力评价应考虑空间尺度,明确土壤肥力空间分异,服务于精准施肥和土壤改良。     

Inheritance of firmness in raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit

Summary Inheritance of raw cucumber fruit texture (Magness-Taylor Fruit Pressure Tester firmness) was investigated over a 4-year period from 1971–1974. Results from 2 separate but related experiments suggested that firmness was quantitatively inherited with sufficient additive effects to permit gain from selection. In a selection study within 4 F₂ populations derived from crosses between firm (Chipper and Gy3) and soft (Mincu and Green F) fruit type cultivars, variation among and within F₃ and F₄ families was significant but overall family means were not significantly higher than the high parent in any of the 4 crosses. Narrow sense heritability estimates for fruit texture were 0.80 in the Mincu × Chipper population and 0.77 in the Green F × Chipper, Mincu × Gy3, and Gy3 × Green F crosses. In a separate experiment, generation means analysis was used to assess the mode of gene action in 2 crosses: Green F × Chipper, and Gy3 × Green F. Additive genetic effects accounted for 98.8% and 99.3% of the total genetic variation within each cross, respectively.Scientific Journal Series Paper No. 9794.     

沧州地区土壤资源适宜性评价

土壤属性不仅影响农、林、牧、渔业生产的产量和质量,而且在很大程度上制约着土壤资源的利用方式。本文在调查研究的基础上,衡量一下各种土壤的农、林、牧、渔适宜性,并作出评价,以便因地制宜地开发利用土壤,使土壤普查成果更好地服务于生产建设。     

国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家,生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大,堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式,而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源,规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生,针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状,本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标,对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析,为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准,在具体指标要求方面优于美国,但和欧盟相比还有差距,比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失,对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格,长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值,严重影响农作物安全;同时,由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素,加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺,农户施用时缺乏指导,监管部门执法不严等因素,我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此,进一步完善有机肥标准体系,强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制,要求选用原料批批检,加大准入和过程的落实力度,才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。