退化高寒草地浅层土壤理化性质Meta分析

青藏高原生态地位显著,草地退化影响区域生态安全,针对退化高寒草地土壤理化性质的研究众多但结果存在较大异质性。通过检索纳入79篇与退化高寒草地土壤理化性质相关的文献,采用整合分析方法用于定量述评不同退化程度高寒草地浅层土壤主要理化性质的效应及变化规律。结果表明：高寒草甸0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随着退化加剧土壤容重、pH上升,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾下降;高寒草原0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随退化加剧,土壤容重上升,pH、含水量、有机碳、速效钾下降。总体反映出不同退化程度对高寒草地土壤主要理化性质产生较大负面影响,研究结果可为青藏高原高寒草地生态保护提供依据。     

盐渍化草地根际土壤理化性质对降水改变和氮添加的响应

为揭示盐渍化草地根际效应及其对降水改变和氮添加的响应,对增水、减水和氮添加及其交互处理下晋北盐渍化草地根际和非根际土壤理化性质进行分析。研究发现：与对照相比,减水及减水+氮添加显著提高了土壤交换性Na⁺含量,氮添加提高了非根际土壤208.1%的硝态氮和105.3%的无机氮含量（P<0.05）;增减降水与氮添加交互对根际和非根际土壤理化性质均无显著影响;根际土壤pH值比非根际低0.25个单位,铵态氮、硝态氮、有机酸、氨基酸、全碳和全氮含量分别比非根际高412.0%,81.4%,37.5%,22.4%,37.3%和43.6%（P<0.05）;主成分分析发现根际和非根际土壤理化性质对水、氮交互处理的响应具有明显差异。表明盐渍化草地植物具有较强的根际效应,但其对增加降水及水、氮交互的响应不敏感,结果可为预测未来降水变化和大气氮沉降增加情境下盐渍化草地根际效应和土壤理化性质变化提供理论依据。     

覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究

本文以翻耕、铁茬等常规耕作为对照,采用Micro-1ysimeter对覆盖免耕夏玉米田的土壤棵间蒸发进行了较为系统地研究。同翻耕、铁茬等相比,免耕有效地减少土壤棵间蒸发,免耕土壤日蒸发量最低,铁茬其次,翻耕最高;从阶段土壤棵间蒸发量变化看,翻耕的蒸发量较高,前期与免耕和铁茬差异较大,后期差异减小,免耕最低;从蒸发占蒸散的比例看,翻耕蒸发比例高,免耕比例最低。免耕可以有效地减少土壤蒸发量,增加作物蒸腾耗水。     

Spatial variability in soil heat flux at three Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems

Closing the energy budget at flux measurement sites is problematic, even when the fetch extends over flat, homogeneous surfaces with low vegetation cover. We used the residual energy balance and ordinary least square (OLS) linear regression methods to quantify spatial variability in soil heat flux contributing to energy balance closure (EBC), by deploying a mobile energy system within the footprints of three Eddy-covariance towers located in the steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. The EBC at the study sites had a daily average residual of 8–19 W m⁻² with OLS slopes of 0.83–0.96. The EBC was better achieved at the wet site than at the dry site. The spatial variability in soil heat flux was 48 W m⁻² (13% of R_n) during the day and 15 W m⁻² (34%) at night, with an average of 29 W m⁻² (24%) across the three sites. A 9% OLS slope difference due to this variability was recorded from our eight plot measurements. A large amount of missing energy (110 W m⁻² at peak) could occur with decreasing OLS slope of 23% across the three grassland sites when soil heat flux is not taken into account. In particular, heat storage in the top soil layer not only influenced the magnitude of EBC, but also adjusted soil heat flux to match the ‘truth schedule’. Heat storage in the top soil layer comprised half of the soil heat flux when the heat flux plate was deployed at a depth of 30 mm. If this part of heat storage was neglected, the residual of EBC would increase as large as 60 W m⁻² with OLS slope decreasing 9%. Comparing them with the multiple-location soil heat flux measurements, the single-location measurements from near the Eddy-covariance towers obtained a slightly better EBC with the OLS slope increasing by 4%.     

Soil conditions and land use intensification effects on soil microbial communities across a range of European field sites

Intensive land use practices necessary for providing food and raw materials are known to have a deleterious effect on soil. However, the effects that such practices have on soil microbes are less well understood. To investigate the effects of land use intensification on soil microbial communities we used a combined T-RFLP and pyrosequencing approach to study bacteria, archaea and fungi in spring and autumn at five long term observatories (LTOs) in Europe; each with a particular land use type and contrasting levels of intensification (low and high). Generally, due to large gradients in soil variables, both molecular methods revealed that soil microbial communities were structured according to differences in soil conditions between the LTOs, more so than land use intensity. Moreover, variance partitioning analysis also showed that soil properties better explained the differences in microbial communities than land use intensity effects. Predictable responses in dominant bacterial, archaeal and fungal taxa to edaphic conditions (e.g. soil pH and resource availability) were apparent between the LTOs. Some effects of land use intensification at individual field sites were observed. However, these effects were manifest when land use change affected soil conditions. Uniquely, this study details the responses of different microbial groups to soil type and land use intensification, and their relative importance across a range of European field sites. These findings reinforce our understanding of drivers impacting soil microbial community structure at both field and larger geographic scales.     

蔬菜重金属污染现状、污染来源及防治措施

论述了蔬菜重金属的污染现状和污染来源,结合土壤重金属的污染特点、污染来源和当前的研究结果,提出了蔬菜重金属污染的防治措施.     

不同有机肥用量对芋头生长、食味品质和土壤肥力的影响

以‘香荷芋’为供试材料,于泰州、泰兴分别设置T1、T2和T3共3种有机肥用量和CK（对照）处理,探索有机肥施用对芋头生长、食味品质及土壤养分的影响,以期为泰州地区芋头科学施肥技术提供依据。结果表明：泰州、泰兴点T2和T3处理6叶期、12叶期株高均显著高于CK处理(P<0.05),泰兴点T1处理株高在12叶期显著高于CK处理,在6叶期和泰州点6叶期、12叶期与CK处理均无显著差异;泰兴点T3处理6叶期叶面积指数平均为0.31,均显著高于其他处理,其他处理间差异均不显著,泰州、泰兴点T3处理12叶期叶面积指数分别为0.71、0.75,均显著高于CK处理;有机肥用量与子芋口感、香味指标及土壤有机质含量均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.89、0.86、0.79;泰州、泰兴点T2、T3处理碱解氮、有效磷均显著高于CK处理;泰州点土壤有效钾以T2处理最高,为174 mg/kg,T3处理最低,为159 mg/kg,泰兴点则以CK处理最高,为172 mg/kg,T3处理最低,为140 mg/kg。     

An inter-laboratory comparison of multi-enzyme and multiple substrate-induced respiration assays to assess method consistency in soil monitoring

The use of indicators in soil monitoring schemes to detect changes in soil quality is receiving increased attention, particularly the application of soil biological methods. However, to date, the ability to compare information from different laboratories applying soil microbiological techniques in broad-scale monitoring has rarely been taken into account. This study aimed to assess the consistency and repeatability of two techniques that are being evaluated for use as microbiological indicators of soil quality: multi-enzyme activity assay and multiple substrate-induced respiration (MSIR). Data were tested for intrinsic (within-assay plate) variation, inter-laboratory repeatability (geometric mean regression and correlation coefficient) and land-use discrimination (principal components analysis). Intrinsic variation was large for both assays suggesting that high replicate numbers are required. Inter-laboratory repeatability showed diverging patterns for the enzyme assay and MSIR. Discrimination of soils was significant for both techniques with relatively consistent patterns; however, combined laboratory discrimination analyses for each technique showed inconsistent correspondence between the laboratories. These issues could be addressed through the adoption of reliable analytical standards for biological methods along with adequate replication. However, until the former is addressed, dispersed analyses are not currently advisable for monitoring schemes.     

农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质关系的研究

 2001年夏季作物收割季节,采用系统调查法对国家土壤肥力和肥料效益监测基地网的黄土、潮土、水稻土、紫色土、红壤5 个土壤类型定位试验中的对照(CK)、撂荒、NPK、NPK+OM、NPK+S 和1.5(NPK+　OM)施肥小区的土壤动物调查。采集土壤样品90个,通过手捡法和Cobb过筛法,共获得土壤动物6　414只,隶属6门12纲22目,同时对采集的土壤样品理化性质进行分析。以8类主要农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质的6项指标为研究对象,采用典型相关分析方法,研究影响农田土壤动物的主要因子。结果表明,在土壤理化性质     

槟榔土壤养分与叶片营养含量变化调查及相关分析研究

为探讨槟榔叶片营养与土壤养分间关系,在海南槟榔种植园采集槟榔与相应土壤样品,包括槟榔不同生产管理水平、正常结果和黄化槟榔区,分析不同生产管理水平和正常结果与黄化槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾和土壤养分含量,以及槟榔营养含量与土壤养分含量相关系数。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾均呈极显著正相关关系,全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾含量间呈极显著正相关关系,碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾之间呈极显著正相关关系,全钾与全磷呈显著正相关关系。有机质、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾与叶片全N、P、K都呈极显著正相关关系。因此,槟榔土壤碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾间存在彼此互相促进的关系;槟榔土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量变化对槟榔叶片N、P、N含量会产生正向影响。