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101.
- The history of conservation of the Amazon can be viewed as a war involving many battles with interests in agribusiness on one side and in biodiversity conservation and sustainability on the other side. Trends in large-scale deforestation in the 1970s spurred a series of policies, stakeholder alliances and international and grass-roots movements, which decades later led to the establishment of protected areas and interventions in soy and beef supply chains of agribusiness. Together, these advances epitomized a conservation framework for the Amazon, which at one point nearly curbed deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, although it included very few protections for freshwater ecosystems.
- While those conservation advances were taking place, however, a series of policy changes started to undermine them through expansions in deforestation, river regulation and mining activities. The election of Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019 then hit the Amazon conservation framework much like a tsunami of policy setbacks and the re-establishment of the economic policies that sparked the Amazon war in the past.
- The current trajectory is one of large-scale degradation of Amazonian ecosystems and biodiversity with consequent impacts on local people. Because freshwater ecosystems are highly sensitive to human activities on water and on land, these growing impacts are particularly large.
- It is too early to know, but four decades of institutional and policy developments to conserve the Brazilian Amazon may soon be pushed past the point from which they will be able to recover. Four conditions will be pivotal to allowing the Amazon conservation framework to recoup: (a) the end of Bolsonaro’s mandate in 2022 or earlier; (b) remobilization of stakeholders; (c) investments in environmental research, policy and multiple collaborations; and (d) moving conservation beyond terrestrial landscapes to also encompass freshwater ecosystems and their people.
102.
采用AutoCAD工作软件设计了一款链式小型林业原条输送装备,并对其中的关键机构的设计与计算过程进行了翔实表述。按该设计方案制造出的链式原条输送机采用链条传动,与带传动相比,无弹性滑动和打滑现象,平均传动比准确,工作可靠,效率高;该机械传递功率大,过载能力强,相同工况下的传动尺寸小;所需紧张力小,作用于轴上压力小。同时,采用特殊滚筒式输送平台,不仅对原条起到了导向作用,而且可减少原条在行进过程中的左右方向上的移动,有效地降低了能耗,提高了生产效率。该设备能在高温、潮湿、多尘、有污染的恶劣环境下工作,适合于林区环境工作。 相似文献
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104.
- The amplitude, duration, frequency, and predictability of runoff and inundation of aquatic habitats are key hydrological characteristics linked to aquatic ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, but they are seldom integrated into analyses of Amazon floodplain ecology. Remote sensing approaches, measurements and modelling of floodplain hydrology provide a basis for this integration.
- Effective legislation to protect floodplains and other wetlands depends on operational definitions that require application of hydrological data.
- Extent and changes of flooded areas are linked to fish diversity and to presence and growth of flooded forests and floating plants.
- Dam construction reduces river system connectivity and modifies the flood pulse, with major negative implications for floodplain ecosystems adapted to and dependent on a natural flood regime.
- Trends and variability in climate plus deforestation are altering the Amazon's hydrological cycle, causing changes in discharge and flooded area with concomitant ecological impacts.
105.
Jeffrey C. Mangel Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto Koen Van Waerebeek 《Biological conservation》2010,143(1):136-143
We detail the first direct, at sea monitoring of small cetacean interactions with Peruvian artisanal drift gillnet and longline fisheries. A total of 253 small cetaceans were captured during 66 monitored fishing trips (Gillnet: 46 trips; Longline: 20 trips) from the port of Salaverry, northern Peru (8o14′S, 78o59′W) from March 2005 to July 2007. The most commonly captured species were common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) (47%), dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) (29%), common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (13%) and Burmeister’s porpoises (Phocoena spinipinnis) (6%). An estimated 95% of common dolphin bycatch was of long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). Overall bycatch per unit effort for gillnet vessels (mean ± sd) was estimated to be 0.65 ± 0.41 animals.set−1 (range 0.05-1.50) and overall catch (bycatch and harpoon) was 4.96 ± 3.33 animals.trip−1 (range 0.33-13.33). Based upon total fishing effort for Salaverry we estimated the total annual average small cetacean bycatch by gillnet vessels as 2412 animals.year−1 (95% CI 1092-4303) for 2002-2007. This work indicates that, in at least one Peruvian port, bycatch and harpooning of small cetaceans persist at high levels and on a regular basis, particularly in driftnet vessels, despite the existence since the mid-1990s of national legislation banning the capture of marine mammals and commerce in their products. It is concluded that the coast of Peru is likely still one of the world’s principal areas for concern regarding high small cetacean bycatch and there is clearly an urgent need to increase the geographic scope of observer effort to elucidate the full magnitude of this issue. 相似文献
106.
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108.
罗一淼 《中国农村水利水电》1996,(8):33-35
通过两种“小型化模式变电所”接线的优化组合,对主开关部件加以研究改造,使其能适合于既有供电用户又有小水电上网负荷区域运行的35kV小型化全户外式变电所,在浙江省余姚市梨洲获得成功。在减少投资、节约土地、缩短周期、降低运行费用等方面效益显著。 相似文献
109.
马克思的农业发展理论实际上经历了前后两个阶段的变化。早期,马克思强调西欧,特别是英国的经验,将农奴制下的农村公社—自耕小农土地所有制—资本主义雇佣型大农业—社会主义集体合作制大农业的发展序列作为人类社会农业发展的唯一道路。晚年,马克思的农业发展理论发生了转变,特别是对农村公社,以及自耕小农土地所有制和资本主义大农业的发展问题产生了新的认识。他认为农村公社包含了公有与私有两重因素,因而,农业发展道路并不是唯一的,完全有可能通过公有因素战胜私有因素使农村公社直接过渡到社会主义集体合作制大农业,而不必经过自耕小农土地所有制和资本主义大土地所有制的发展阶段。 相似文献
110.
不同水平小肽制剂对黑凤鸡生产性能及其血清生化指标的影响 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
选取 190日龄的产蛋黑凤鸡 135只 ,随机分成 5组。对照组饲喂基础日粮 ,其余 4组分别以 0 .5 %和 0 .3%的小肽制剂添加量替代基础日粮中 30 %或 5 0 %的鱼粉量。结果表明 ,添加量为 0 .5 %的小肽制剂替代基础日粮中 30 %的鱼粉量的试验 1组黑凤鸡的采食量、产蛋性能蛋的品质、饲料利用率均较高 ;小肽添加量为 0 .5 %的试验 1组和 2组黑凤鸡血清BUN水平分别比对照组低 33.33% (P >0 .0 5 )和 7.84 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,TP含量比对照组分别高 14 .2 4 % (P <0 .0 5 )和 5 .2 2 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,有利于提高黑凤鸡的生产性能和机体合成蛋白质的能力 相似文献