MBR技术处理生活污水中试研究

主要对MBR技术处理生活污水的效果进行分析研究。MBR技术因用膜分离代替二沉池而节约了占地面积,而且MBR系统对污水中的COD、NH3-H有较高的去除率,而对浊度的去除更显示了其优越性,出水浊度几乎为零,大大提高系统出水的水质,且整个系统的出水具有很强的稳定性,面对原污水中COD、NH3-H的波动较大,MBR系统显示了较强的抗冲击负荷。虽然MBR技术是一种新型的水处理技术,但鉴于其在处理行业的优越性,因而应用前景较广。     

污泥堆肥前后重金属Ni和Cd形态变化研究

[目的]研究堆肥化处理对污泥中重金属Ni和Cd的含量及形态的影响。[方法]通过添加木屑调节城市污泥的C／N比,进行堆肥化处理,研究堆肥前后重金属M和Cd的总量及形态分布变化。[结果]堆肥化处理后,明显改变了Ni和Cd的形态分布,明显降低了Ni的不稳定态含量,在一定程度上降低了Cd的生物有效性,起到一定的钝化作用,但使Ni和Cd的总量浓度略有上升。[结论]该研究为重金属的活性控制提供理论依据,从而提高污泥土地利用率。     

新型污泥减量技术研究

从现阶段剩余污泥的处理与处置投资大、成本高的现状出发,分析了实际污泥减量化的几种污水处理技术,提出了一种以生物砾石为微生物载体的新型污水处理技术,其不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且达到了无剩余污泥排放的目标。     

城市污泥堆肥对草坪草生长的影响

[目的]研究污泥堆肥对草坪草生长的影响,找出降低草坪生产成本的新途径。[方法]用城市污泥种植草坪草,6个月后,测定其生物量,草坪高度及叶绿素含量。[结果]堆肥作基质使草坪草获得了良好的生物效应,5%～10%堆肥施用比例范围内,随着堆肥施用量的增加,草坪草的地上生物量增加,叶片叶绿素含量增加,草坪的外观颜色明显优于对照处理。[结论]城市污泥用做草坪基质,使草坪草获得了良好的生物效应,既可以解决城市污泥的出路,又可以降低草坪的生产成本。     

The use of sewage sludge as soil amendment. The need for an ecotoxicological evaluation

Background, aim, and scope  Sewage sludge use in agriculture should be limited by the presence of metals and other persistent environmental pollutants. The present study aims to contribute for the definition of a test battery of ecotoxicological assays that allows a proper ecotoxicological characterization of sludges, providing information on their potential hazard and identified “safe” application levels. Materials and methods  Three sludges from distinct sources (urban, olive-processing, and electroplating industries) were tested using avoidance and reproduction tests with earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and springtails (Folsomia candida) and plant growth tests with turnips (Brassica rapa) and oats (Avena sativa). Different soil–sludge mixture concentrations mimicking recommended/realistic field dosages were tested. Results  Only the sludge from the electroplating industry induced an avoidance response from the earthworms (EC₅₀ = 0.4 t/ha) and collembolans (no observed effect concentration (NOEC) = 15 t/ha). This sludge was the only sludge responsible for any effect on the reproductive output of the earthworms (EC₅₀ = 7.74 t/ha). Regarding collembolans, none of the sludges tested caused any significant decrease in reproduction. In higher plant tests, the two industrial sludges were toxic, causing a decrease growth in both species. The EC₂₀ values determined for B. rapa were 20.3 and 24.2 t/ha and for A. sativa 14.7 and 16.2 t/ha for sludges from olive-processing and electroplating industries, respectively. Discussion  The metal loadings of the different test sludges could partially explain the results obtained. The toxicity of the test sludge from electroplating industry observed on the tested invertebrates and plants could be explained by the high amount of total chromium from which 22.3% was in the most toxic oxidation state—Cr(VI). However, the toxicity caused by the sludge from the olive-processing industry in the test plants could be attributed to the presence of other compounds (not measured in this study) since the metal content was not high enough to induce such an effect. The absence of toxicity showed by the urban test sludge was in agreement with its low levels of metals. Conclusions  The response of the different test organisms and end points varied according to the sludge type. The urban sludge was non-toxic whereas the sludge from the electroplating industry caused a toxic effect on almost all parameters measured (avoidance behavior of both test organisms, reproduction of earthworms, and growth of both plant species). Sludge from the olive-processing industry only caused a toxic effect on growth of both plant species. By analyzing the sensitivity of the different parameters for the most toxic sludge, it was found that avoidance and reproduction were more sensitive than plant growth, whereas plant seed germination was not sensitive at all. Recommendations and perspectives  The ecotoxicological evaluation of wastes can be used as an environmental safety control of sludge use in agriculture. A tiered approach could be adopted for this purpose, incorporating avoidance tests in the first tier (screening level) and reproduction and plant growth tests in a second tier. But more evidence aiming to define the most suitable ecotoxicological test battery for specific sludges with a different contamination profile is still needed.     

链耙式残膜回收与茎秆粉碎联合作业机设计

针对新疆现阶段农业生产中农膜污染日益严重、回收治理缺乏有效手段的情况,设计了1种链耙式残膜回收与茎秆粉碎联合作业机,主要用于作物秋收后回收当年残膜与茎秆粉碎还田.田间生产试验表明:机具结构设计合理,可实现一机多用,提高机具利用率与生产效率;但秸秆残茬抛送与退膜辊清退残膜方面仍存在缺陷,需在后续工作中持续改进.     

Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Applying Sulfur Fertilizers to Chrysanthemums

ABSTRACT

Previous research has shown that supplying adequate sulfur (S) continuously in combination with reduced amounts of nitrogen (N) will produce a quality plant. However, not all commercially available fertilizers use the same source of S, contain the same or optimal concentration of it, or contain any S at all. Additionally, nutrient incompatibility can occur if all the macronutrients are combined in one solution or one dry fertilizer. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of different methods of application and different types of S fertilizers on chrysanthemum growth. Two experiments were conducted in which three S sources (H₂SO₄, MgSO₄, and K₂SO₄) were applied in combination with three N concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg L^?1) as fertilizer treatments. Sulfur was applied at 10 mg L^?1, either continuously—by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with H₂SO₄—or in one, two, or three single, discrete applications as either K₂SO₄ or MgSO₄. Leaf N concentration was greatest when 100 or 150 mg N L^?1 was applied. As expected, S applied continuously by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with sulfuric acid resulted in higher leaf S concentration and larger flower diameter than under any of the other treatments. Together, plants fertilized with S continuously at 10 mg S L^?1 and N at 100 mg L^?1 were the largest, had the largest flower diameter, and contained the greatest leaf N and S concentrations. Sulfur concentration in the mix was highest and N concentration lowest when S was supplied continuously. Thus, if growers need to supply S and acidulate their water, sulfuric acid would be the best choice. If there are concerns about possible S contamination in landfills or in mix recycling, either potassium or magnesium S, applied multiple times as single applications in combination with 100 or 150 mg N L^?1, may be a better choice.     

城市污泥有机肥对马铃薯产量、品质及重金属吸收的影响

通过大田试验初步探讨了污泥有机肥对马铃薯的增产效应及其对马铃薯品质、重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,在施化肥的基础上,施用污泥有机肥可显著提高马铃薯产量、等级和品质;施用污泥有机肥的马铃薯薯块中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn含量均在国家食品卫生标准范围内。     

Study on the Pretreatment Technology of Phosphogypsum

The economic and effective pretreatment is a key to its recycling into useful building materials. The pretreatment such as washing, neutralizing with quick lime, grinding, floating, screening, calcination etc. have been studied. The effectiveness, problems and feasibility of pretreatment are analyzed. This paper presents the pretreatment principle of phosphogypsum utilization. If the phosphogypsum utilized is more than hundred thousand tones per year, the washing technology is recommended, otherwise, the technology of neutralizing with quick lime and grinding should be chosen.     

污泥土地利用的风险与控制

介绍了污泥土地利用中重金属污染、病原体和寄生虫污染、有机物污染和氮磷污染的各种风险及控制,提出了污泥土地利用中存在的问题和解决的对策。