硅锌硼配施对红壤区双季稻产量和群体发育特征的影响

水稻是典型的喜锌、喜硅和低度需硼作物,而我国红壤区土壤中硅、硼、锌等主要中微量元素含量普遍偏低,施用硅、锌、硼对水稻生产存在重大影响。以早稻品种中嘉早17和晚稻品种H优518为试验材料,研究硅、锌、硼配施对红壤区双季稻产量和群体发育特征的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,早稻季Si+Zn和Si+Zn+B处理产量分别显著增加8.6%和12.6%,晚稻季仅Si+Zn+B处理产量显著增加10.6%;早稻季Si+Zn+B处理有效穗数、结实率和千粒重均显著高于CK处理(P0.05),晚稻季仅Si+Zn和Si+Zn+B处理有效穗数显著增加;早稻和晚稻群体总颖花量与产量之间呈极显著线性正相关关系(P0.001)。与CK处理相比,增施硅、锌、硼后各生育期分蘖数、叶面积指数、SPAD值、生物量积累均有增加的趋势,其中Si+Zn+B处理增加幅度最大。除早稻季Si处理外,早稻季和晚稻季增施硅、锌、硼肥后各处理地上部群体氮素吸收总量均显著高于对照,且Si+Zn+B处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。因此,在红壤区双季稻生产中应重视硅、锌、硼等中微量元素的平衡施用,尤其是温度条件较低的早稻季更应重视这些元素的施用。     

2016年上半年广东水稻产业发展形势与对策建议

2016年,早籼稻最低收购价政策调整,既对稻谷市场有直接的影响,也释放了国家下一步改革信号.以2016年水稻生产、价格、流通等数据为基础,通过基本统计描述及定性预测方法,对接下来的水稻生产工作给予建议支持.上半年,广东水稻产业生产形势有所好转,早稻播种面积回升,带来稻谷产量与质量的提高,晚稻的种植意向也有所提高.稻米市场持续了上年“稻强米弱”的形势,进口量持续增加.其中,生产成本上升、良种良法配套欠完善、规模效益低的问题仍然比较突出.进入下半年,要通过抓好田间管理、做好粮食收储、良种良法下移、支持土地流转等工作保障晚稻生产的顺利实施.     

A Robertsonian translocation from Thinopyrum bessarabicum into bread wheat confers high iron and zinc contents

Development of wheat–alien translocation lines has facilitated practical utilization of alien species in wheat improvement. The production of a compensating Triticum aestivum–Thinopyrum bessarabicum whole‐arm Robertsonian translocation (RobT) involving chromosomes 6D of wheat and 6E^b of Th. bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, E^bE^b) through the mechanism of centric breakage–fusion is reported here. An F₂ population was derived from plants double‐monosomic for chromosome 6D and 6E^b from crosses between a DS6E^b(6D) substitution line and bread wheat cultivar ‘Roushan’ (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) as female parent. Eighty F₂ genotypes (L1–L80) were screened for chromosome composition. Three PCR‐based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) markers specific to chromosomes 6D and 6E^b were used for screening the F₂ plants. One plant with a T6E^bS.6DL centric fusion (RobT) was identified. A homozygous translocation line with full fertility was recovered among F₃ families and verified with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Grain micronutrient analysis showed that the DS6E^b(6D) substitution line and T6E^bS.6DL stock have higher Fe and Zn contents than the recipient wheat cultivar ‘Roushan’.     

干湿交替灌溉耦合施氮对水稻根系性状及籽粒库活性的影响

以新稻20为材料进行土培试验,设置浅水层灌溉(0 kPa)、轻度水分胁迫(–20 kPa)和重度水分胁迫(–40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式及0氮(0N, 0 kg hm-2)、中氮(MN, 240 kg hm-2)和高氮(HN, 360 kg hm-2) 3种氮水平,研究不同水氮耦合处理对水稻根长、根冠比、根系伤流、根系有机酸含量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷与籽粒酶活性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,轻度水分胁迫增加了主要生育期根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量,提高籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,降低穗分化后水稻根冠比,且与MN耦合后产量最高,为本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式;重度水分胁迫则显著降低主要生育期根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量,降低籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,增加主要生育期根冠比。水稻籽粒产量与主要生育期水稻根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量均呈显著或极显著的正相关,而穗分化至成熟期根冠比与水稻产量呈负相关;同时水稻根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量与籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性呈显著或极显著的正相关。表明通过适宜的肥水调控发挥水氮耦合效应,可以创造良好的根系形态、提高水稻根系代谢能力和籽粒库的生理活性,促进水稻高产。     

中国粮食“十一连增”的主要因素分析与政策建议

为了找到确保中国粮食稳定发展的方法和途径,在对中国粮食生产特点分析的基础上,对推动粮食“十一连增”的具体动因及制约因素进行了深入分析。研究认为：在中国支持粮食产业财政投入不断加大、农业科技实力不断增强、种植业结构的高产替代模式等因素的推动下,中国粮食连续十一年增产。但是,中国粮食安全并非高枕无忧,粮食生产面临着资源约束加剧、比较效益降低、国际竞争力减弱、生态和环境持续恶化等挑战。因此,本研究提出要从财政、科技、环境、经营主体以及粮价视角出发,建立粮食稳定发展的长效机制。     

不同调亏模式对冬小麦产量形成的影响

为考察不同调亏灌溉模式对冬小麦产量形成的影响,进行了防雨棚下的人工控水试验。结果表明,与不亏水处理CK相比,所有调亏处理均使得籽粒灌浆期显著缩短,达到最大灌浆速度的时间提前,最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率增加。拔节期亏水降低有效穗数,拔节期重度亏水有效穗数最小;抽穗期及灌浆成熟期亏水降低千粒质量,灌浆成熟期重度亏水千粒质量最小;拔节期亏水减少穗粒数,拔节期重度亏水穗粒数最小。综合本文研究结果,冬小麦产量较高的适宜调亏模式依次为:返青期轻度亏水、返青期重度亏水、灌浆成熟期轻度亏水、抽穗期轻度亏水、拔节期轻度亏水、拔节期重度亏水。研究结果可以为相关区域冬小麦高产栽培水分调控提供参考。     

应用型粮食工程专业特色化发展的思考

介绍粮食工程专业应用型人才的培养目标与要求,从人才培养方案的设计与完善、教学模式的深化和改革、实践教学体系的建立及优化、行业企业共同培养学生新模式的探索及设立、应用型教师队伍的打造及培养等方面,探讨应用型粮食工程专业特色化发展的思路。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of durum wheat cultivated in northern Italy and their interaction with different soils and growing seasons

Durum wheat in temperate regions can lead to yields with higher technological quality and stability compared to Mediterranean areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen (N fertilization on grain yield and quality, in different pedo-climatic conditions of temperate areas. Field experiments were conducted in two sites (sandy-loam and silty-clay-loam) in Northern-West Italy for three years: five different N rates, two different types of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, nutritional activator, slow-release fertilizer) were compared considering yield, protein content and yellowberry. N fertilizer rate had a more consistent effect on protein than yield; the response was affected by soil texture and rainfall during the growing season. The use of different types of fertilizer seem to play a minor role. The management of N fertilization must consider mainly the effect on quality parameters of N rates and rainfall during the growing season and their interaction with soil texture.     

Comparing System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) with standard recommended practices in the northwestern plain zone of India

The practices of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methodology have been extended to wheat and various other crops with reported good results. To assess such reports with respect to wheat, an experiment was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. This experiment compared the performance of wheat under System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) and standard recommended practices (SRPs). In 2011–2012, the SWI yield of 7.93 t ha^?1 was 30% higher than for SRP in 2012–2013, climatically a less favorable year, hence SWI performed relatively better with a 46% yield advantage under climate stress. SWI produced 12.5% less in the stressful year, while the reduction for the SRPs ranged from 18% to 31%. Differences in yield attributes and root traits were also observed in favor of SWI. Available N, P, and K in the soil after harvesting was increased with SWI, whereas depletion in nutrients with the SRPs indicated the scope for SWI sustaining soil fertility. Higher yield compensated for higher SWI costs of cultivation. A net return of US$ 1383 ha^?1 was obtained with SWI, 35% more than the US$ 1020 ha^?1 from SRPs. Overall, SWI outperformed the SRPs in terms of yields, climate resilience, and economics.     

Different leguminous pre-crops increased yield of succeeding cereals in two consecutive years

Leguminous pre-crops are an important source of green manure in organic crop rotations for improving soil fertility and achieving high yields of cereals. We aimed to study the potential of various leguminous species, other than the traditionally cultivated red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), as green manure pre-crops for subsequent cereals. The use of different legume species enables to exploit advantages of specific legumes in organic cereal production. In order to test the legumes as pre-crops for cereals, we carried out trials located in the temperate climate zone of northeast Europe (58°44′59.41″ N, 26°24′54.02″ E). We sowed the following perennial legumes as pre-crops: red clover, alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and Washington lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.), biennial white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) and annual Alexandria clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was used as a control. The leguminous pre-crops were followed by three spring cereals (barley, oat and spring wheat) and two winter cereals (rye and winter wheat). We tested the first-year after-effect (all cereals) and second-year after-effect (only barley and oat) of pre-crops on the grain yield of cereals. Perennial and biennial legume species produced the highest dry matter yield and contained the highest amount of nutrients, especially nitrogen, compared to annual species. All subsequent cereals produced significant extra yields after each leguminous pre-crop in the following two years, although the effect was smaller in the second year. The most suitable pre-crops for spring cereals were red and alsike clover followed by lupine, whereas the best pre-crops for winter cereals were sweet clover and annual clovers. Our results show the potential of various leguminous pre-crop species as valuable sources of green manure in organic crop rotation.