Relationships among the chalkiness,kernel size and endosperm cell morphology of rice kernels at different spikelet positions within a panicle

The occurrence of chalky kernels in rice is causally related to kernel size and endosperm morphology. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of chalky kernels by analyzing kernel size, and the number and area of endosperm cells. Spikelets were sampled from upper and middle primary branches and lower secondary branches in a panicle, and divided into four categories: upper, middle, and lower perfect (PF) kernels and lower milky-white (MW) kernels. On the lower secondary branches, there was a higher percentage of chalky kernels, with smaller kernel lengths, widths and thicknesses, than the kernels on the upper and middle primary branches. MW kernels were smaller in size than PF kernels even on the same lower secondary branches. Regardless of grain appearance quality traits, the total areas of endosperm cross sections in lower kernels were significantly smaller than in upper kernels owing to the decreased cell area, and there was a significant negative correlation between the number of cells and average cell area. When the numbers and the areas of cells were analyzed using angular 30° intervals from the line connecting the center point and the dorsal vascular bundle, the MW kernels had significantly less cells than PF kernels near the ventral side at 120–180°. Thus, the decrease in the number of cells near the ventral side was a main causal factor in the decrease in MW kernel widths compared with PF kernel widths, and this suggested that cell division in MW kernels was inhibited at the early grain-filling stage.     

Harvest index is a critical factor influencing the grain yield of diverse wheat species under rain-fed conditions in the Mediterranean zone of southeastern Turkey and northern Syria

Environmental and plant factors critical to the grain yields of bread (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (T. durum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum L.) wheat cultivars were investigated at two Mediterranean rain-fed field sites: Adana in southeastern Turkey (2009 and 2010) and Aleppo in northern Syria (2009). The grain yield (GY) and biological yield (BY) of most cultivars were higher in Adana than in Aleppo, and the lower GY in Aleppo resulted from lower harvest index (HI) and lower BY due to higher temperatures and lower rainfall. The variations in the HI among cultivars were greater in Adana than in Aleppo. The GY was closely related to the HI but not the BY across cultivars at each site, and a higher GY was accompanied by a superior conversion-efficiency of incident radiation during the grain filling period for grain yield [GY/Ra, where Ra is the cumulative radiation for 30 days after heading (D₃₀)] across all observations. The GY/Ra correlated negatively with the average temperature for D₃₀, and higher HI values resulted in higher GY/Ra. In Adana, the time from anthesis to physiological-maturity decreased as the average temperature for D₃₀ increased, resulting in a lower HI. Cultivars exhibiting the early heading trait can effectively escape the negative impacts of terminal high-temperature and water-shortage conditions on the HI. The results suggested that the HI is a critical factor for GY across diverse wheat cultivars under terminal high-temperatures and water-shortages in Mediterranean areas, and the BY is also an important factor under severe water-limitation conditions.     

洞庭湖区宜机收夏玉米品种的筛选

2016年,以7个夏玉米品种(百农5号、福单2号、丰玉8号、大丰28、新中玉801、福单4号、三北89)为材料,测定干物质积累量、灌浆速率、籽粒脱水速率,并在收获期进行机械化收获特性调查。结果表明:玉米干物质积累优势期为生育中期和后期,早熟品种丰玉8号、大丰28的单株干物质积累量分别为282、285 g,低于中迟熟品种的单株积累量;供试玉米籽粒的灌浆速率基本一致,在授粉后15 d左右达到高峰,随后逐渐降低;籽粒含水率均高于27%;机收籽粒破碎率均未达到1%的标准;除大丰28外,机收总损失率均低于5%;机收秸秆切碎长度合格率均高于93%,符合行业标准。综合分析,福单2号、百农5号产量分别为6 432、6 342 kg/hm~2,收获时籽粒破损率低,茎秆坚韧抗倒,基本达到机收籽粒的要求,宜于在洞庭湖区作机收品种栽培。     

短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育时期短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【方法】以小豆早熟品种白红2号和晚熟品种唐山红小豆为试验材料,于出苗-分枝、分枝-开花和出苗-开花3个生育时期进行短日照(10h光/14h暗)诱导,研究其对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【结果】2个小豆品种出苗至开花和鼓粒至成熟期的时间均较对照(自然光照)提前,白红2号的处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)、处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)开花至结荚期分别提前3和1d,所需积温和累积日照时数减少,处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)延迟1d;唐山红小豆3个处理的开花至结荚期及2个品种结荚至鼓粒期的时间都延迟,所需积温和累积日照时数增加。白红2号各处理的籽粒长、籽粒宽、单粒质量、单粒体积及千粒质量较对照升高,但差异不显著;唐山红小豆处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)的籽粒长、籽粒宽和单粒体积较对照稍有增加,其余处理都降低,单粒质量和千粒质量各处理都降低,其中处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)和处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)与对照差异显著,处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)与对照差异不显著。2个品种的发芽率较对照升高且晚熟品种更明显。经短日照处理后,2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖、蛋白和总氨基酸含量有不同程度的降低,白红2号的淀粉含量较对照升高,唐山红小豆降低,但差异均不显著;不同生育时期经短日照诱导后的累积日照时数与2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖和蛋白含量极显著正相关,与总氨基酸含量显著正相关,与白红2号籽粒中的淀粉含量达到显著相关,而与唐山红小豆籽粒中的淀粉含量相关性不显著。【结论】短日照诱导使2个小豆品种在不同生育时期的积温和累积日照时间不同,籽粒品质下降,分枝-开花这一生育时期对小豆籽粒品质的影响最大。     

西南稻区稻田肥力现状与施肥对策

在西南稻区的四川省、云南省、贵州省和重庆市实施了水稻农民习惯施肥技术与空白试验(不施肥)对比试验。结果表明,农民习惯施肥技术具有如下不足:一是水稻投入产出率低;二是肥料利用率低;三是大面积水稻产量不高,单产仅520.9 kg/667 m~2;四是水稻生产穗数不足。针对上述问题,笔者从提高水稻产量角度出发,提出了相应的施肥对策。     

离子束诱变双胚苗水稻的谷粒性状及相关分析

为了挖掘无融合生殖种质并提供参考资料给一系法杂交水稻的选育,以离子束诱变所得同源四倍体双胚苗突变水稻品系、近亲系和介导后代为研究材料,对其农艺性状、谷粒性状、谷粒性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,与四倍体双胚苗品系相比,二倍体双胚苗品系的株型小、主穗颖花数多、谷粒小、谷粒容重高、谷粒容重对单粒重贡献最大;披碱草介导品系的株型大、主穗颖花数多、谷粒大、谷粒容重高、单粒质量高、谷粒体积对单粒重贡献最大;原始亲本在各项指标参数中都差异不明显。     

不同穗型高原粳稻品种的产量分析

以高原粳稻区大面积应用的大穗型、穗粒型、多穗型品种为材料,研究不同穗型品种的产量潜力。结果表明,这3种穗型品种均可获得11.00 t/hm2以上的超高产,其主要原因是穗粒协调,形成了较多的颖花数;多穗型品种的颖花数主要靠有效穗贡献,大穗型品种的颖花数主要靠穗粒数贡献,穗粒型品种的颖花数靠有效穗和穗粒数协调贡献;抽穗前期干物质积累量为多穗型品种穗粒型品种大穗型品种,抽穗后期干物质积累量为大穗型品种穗粒型品种多穗型品种。     

以新理念发展稻米粮食产业 确保供求平衡生态美丽

对我国稻米和粮食供求态势和平衡进行了简要分析,按照中共中央十八届五中全会提出的"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"新理念,提出了做好今后我国稻米和粮食发展的一些措施,包括把握国内外市场和资源及发展趋势、做好粮食消费引导和调控、科学谋划生产发展布局和规划、创新发展模式和科技、开展节粮减损技术研究和应用等。     

稻茬晚播小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布的粒位差异

为研究稻茬晚播小麦胚乳淀粉粒分布的粒位差异,以小麦品种山农1391和藁城8901为材料,设适期播种和晚播2种播期处理,研究小麦强势、弱势籽粒胚乳淀粉粒粒度分布特征。结果表明,小麦强、弱势籽粒中均具有A、B型淀粉粒,但淀粉粒的分布因不同处理具有显著差异。不同小麦品种、播期和粒位下,淀粉粒的体积分布均呈双峰分布,峰值分别为4.878~6.453μm和21.7~23.82μm;淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰分布,峰值为0.520~0.571μm。藁城8901的B型淀粉粒的体积、数目、表面积占比均显著高于山农1391;山农1391的A型淀粉粒的体积、数目、表面积百分比显著高于藁城8901。晚播处理使小麦B型淀粉粒占比显著升高,A型淀粉粒占比显著降低;弱势粒中B型淀粉粒占比降低,A型淀粉粒占比显著上升。晚播处理对山农1391的影响大于藁城8901。