初探粮食仓储的管理预案

在现代新的形势下,粮食仓储的管理工作显然是非常重要的,对于保障粮食安全是非常重要的,因为不管是从哪方面考虑,它都占据着一个至关重要的位置。所以,做好粮食工作的关键之一就是要加强对粮食仓储的管理。     

2种胃膜素制备方法的比较

[目的]比较分析制备胃膜素的2种方法，优化制备方法，为工业化规模生产提供试验依据。[方法]以猪胃黏膜为材料，采用单产工艺和联产工艺提取胃膜素，比较分析2种制备方法所得胃膜素的性状、得率、总氮含量和还原性物质含量的差异。[结果]2种方法提取的胃膜素在黏度、酸度、干燥失重和炽灼残渣等方面差异不大，总氮含量和还原性物质含量也无明显差异，均符合国家标准。单产工艺胃膜素得率较高，平均达3．5％，联产工艺得率偏低，仅有1．7％，但联产工艺可以得到副产品胃蛋白酶。[结论]单产工艺的得率高于联产工艺，联产工艺可以同时得到副产品。     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

粮食烘干塔换热器智能折边设备研发

结合螺旋板式换热器的应用领域及其板材折边生产现状,分析了其生产弊端。针对板材折边工艺要求,研发了粮食烘干塔换热器智能折边设备,并剖析其工作机理。根据典型产品结构参数,设计智能折边装备总体装配图并计算主要零件参数,为智能折边装备制作提供理论依据,从而实现换热器板材折边智能加工,提高换热器卷板折边质量及精度。     

Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.     

中国饲料粮消费问题探析

为了准确分析中国当前饲料粮供需情况及影响因素,首先通过供给法计算出1984—2013年的狭义饲料粮可供给数据,其次通过需求法计算中国饲料粮消费数据。推算得出饲料粮供需数据虽有差距但都呈增长趋势。中国粮食政策加剧了饲料粮供需失衡状况。因此提出相应政策建议:一是适当增加肉类产品进口并严厉打击走私;二是粮食政策在确保主粮(大米和小麦)基本自给基础上,适度进口饲料粮(主要是玉米),并在海关政策制订上将精饲料原料通盘考虑,制订考虑替代品如大麦、高粱、DDGS等在内的一揽子关税与配额政策。     

传统平房仓技术改造双低储粮试验

通过在传统平房仓实施保温、密闭和制冷技术改造的同时,对仓内存储的成品粮实施绿色低氧保管。解决了成品粮易变质、难度夏的保管难题,确保储粮安全。     

湖南省粮食产量波动的影响因素分析及预测

旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。     

Zn distribution and bioavailability in whole grain and grain fractions of winter wheat as affected by applications of soil N and foliar Zn combined with N or P

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar Zn combined with N or P on Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat grain and its milling fractions under different soil N levels. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour and bran for nutrient analysis. Both high soil N supply and foliar Zn-enriched fertilizer applications greatly increased Zn concentration and bioavailability in both whole grain and grain fractions. Compared with foliar Zn alone, foliar Zn combined with N increased Zn concentration and bioavailability, whereas foliar Zn combined with P decreased Zn concentration and bioavailability. However, foliar Zn combined with P slightly increased the protein concentration compared to foliar Zn alone. Protein concentration significantly increased, whereas phytate concentration decreased, in whole grain and flour, both in soil N and foliar Zn-enriched N treatments. Therefore, foliar Zn plus N (with appropriate soil N management) may be a promising strategy for addressing dietary Zn micronutrient deficiencies, especially in countries where flour is a significant component of the daily diet.     

增密减氮对弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’产量和品质的影响

为实现弱筋小麦优质稳产,解决当前弱筋小麦存在品质稳定性差的问题。本试验以弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’为试材,结合方差分析等方法研究增密减氮对弱筋小麦的产量、群体质量指标以及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,在240 kg/hm²施氮水平条件下,随着密度的增加,小麦LAI、干物质积累量均呈先增加后下降的趋势,密度超过240×10⁴/hm²会导致LAI、干物质积累量、产量下降。在240×10⁴/hm²密度条件下,施氮量超过240 kg/hm²会导致小麦叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量下降。适当的增密减氮有利于提高弱筋小麦的优质稳产,而过量增密减氮则会导致小麦产量下降,品质不稳定。为实现产量和品质的最优化,生产上推荐采用种植密度为240×10⁴/hm²,施氮量为180 kg/hm²,氮肥运筹为7:1:2:0的栽培模式。