Comparison of the Sensitivity of Landscape-fire-succession Models to Variation in Terrain, Fuel Pattern, Climate and Weather

The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of modelled area burned to environmental factors across a range of independently-developed landscape-fire-succession models. The sensitivity of area burned to variation in four factors, namely terrain (flat, undulating and mountainous), fuel pattern (finely and coarsely clumped), climate (observed, warmer & wetter, and warmer & drier) and weather (year-to-year variability) was determined for four existing landscape-fire-succession models (EMBYR, FIRESCAPE, LANDSUM and SEM-LAND) and a new model implemented in the LAMOS modelling shell (LAMOS(DS)). Sensitivity was measured as the variance in area burned explained by each of the four factors, and all of the interactions amongst them, in a standard generalised linear modelling analysis. Modelled area burned was most sensitive to climate and variation in weather, with four models sensitive to each of these factors and three models sensitive to their interaction. Models generally exhibited a trend of increasing area burned from observed, through warmer and wetter, to warmer and drier climates with a 23-fold increase in area burned, on average, from the observed to the warmer, drier climate. Area burned was sensitive to terrain for FIRESCAPE and fuel pattern for EMBYR. These results demonstrate that the models are generally more sensitive to variation in climate and weather as compared with terrain complexity and fuel pattern, although the sensitivity to these latter factors in a small number of models demonstrates the importance of representing key processes. The models that represented fire ignition and spread in a relatively complex fashion were more sensitive to changes in all four factors because they explicitly simulate the processes that link these factors to area burned. The US Government's and the Canadian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license is acknowledged     

ANSYS/FLOTRAN在温室内气流场稳态模拟的应用研究

以Navier-Stokes方程为模型基础,运用ANSYS/FLOTRAN软件对华北型机械通风式连栋塑料温室在不同山墙门打开度情况下室内的气流场进行三维稳态模拟.同时通过试验测得温室内各测点的气流流速,并分析试验数据得到温室内的气流流速的平均值.结果表明:在试验条件下山墙门打开度为2.3×2 m2,造成室内局部风速过大,流场分布紊乱;山墙门打开度为2.3×3m2,使室内风速平均值太小,达不到温室通风的要求;山墙门打开度为2.3×2.4m2时在同等条件下温室内的气流场分布均匀,平均风速最大,通风效果较理想.     

Determining landscape extent for succession and disturbance simulation modeling

Dividing regions into manageable landscape units presents special problems in landscape ecology and land management. Ideally, a landscape should be large enough to capture a broad range of vegetation, environmental and disturbance dynamics, but small enough to be useful for focused management objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal landscape size to summarize ecological processes for two large land areas in the southwestern United States. We used a vegetation and disturbance dynamics model, LANDSUMv4, to simulate a set of nine scenarios involving systematically varied topography, map resolution, and model parameterizations of fire size and fire frequency. Spatial input data were supplied by the LANDscape FIRE Management Planning System (LANDFIRE) prototype project, an effort that will provide comprehensive and scientifically credible mid-scale data to support the National Fire Plan. We analyzed output from 2,000 year simulations to determine the thresholds of landscape condition based on the variability of burned area and dominant vegetation coverage. Results show that optimal landscape extent using burned area variability is approximately 100 km² depending on topography, map resolution, and model parameterization. Variability of dominant vegetation area is generally higher and the optimal landscape sizes are larger in comparison to those features determined from burned area. Using the LANDFIRE project as a case study, we determined landscape size and map resolution for a large mapping project, and showed that optimal landscape size depends upon geographical, ecological, and management context. This paper was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and therefore is in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The use of trade or firm names in this paper is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.     

基于Flash农业立体污染模拟演示系统设计与实现

为直观展示农业立体污染现状、污染循环链图、污染过程、治理情况、监测基地建设等情况．特研发完成了基于Flash农业立体污染模拟演示系统。系统采用Flash动画制作，同时插入动画、画外音、文字、照片、图片、多媒体视频等方式，动画模拟农业立体污染循环链过程和基于整体循环链的八个关键触发点，直观演示8个监测基地和8个示范基地条件建设情况，以及农业立体污染防治的科研战略规划。     

Stand structure of an uneven-aged fir–beech forest with an irregular diameter structure: modeling the development of the Belevine forest, Croatia

This study focuses on the problem of irregular diameter structure in a silver fir–beech selection (plenter) forest with a “surplus” of large diameter trees and a lack of natural regeneration and small diameter trees. We sampled 274 plots (900 m² each) in the Belevine research site (266.24 ha) in the mountain region Gorski Kotar (Croatia), where diameter (dbh) distribution, diameter increment, and natural regeneration were analyzed in detail. A low density of natural regeneration, weak annual recruitment of small (10 cm dbh) diameter trees (only five trees per hectare), delayed diameter growth of trees, and a low annual rate of trees reaching the next dbh class were attributed to the current irregular dbh structure. The stand development prediction for the next 50 years is based on a simulation model, which considers the current diameter structure, increment, recruitment, and future cutting regime. Intensive cutting in the first of five 10-year cutting cycles (intensity higher of 25%) is needed to initiate natural regeneration and to accelerate growth of young silver fir trees. In the next 50 years, the irregular diameter structure will be gradually improved.     

Mathematical Simulation of Small Log Ripped by Slasher Saw

Withthesmallsawlogwidespreadused,theuncut-boardsandslabsarecutbythemulti-bitrippingedgerinthejhoberindustw.AfersawingripPed,theunedgedboedaccuratelyvolumeisfAnotherparametCrsaredefinitebyadrawing,theaPProimatevolumeforn1ulateofunedgedboardistx,y,~inatC,x'…     

褐稻虱发声机理模型和雌虫鸣声的人工模拟

 褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)雌、雄成虫均能振动腹部．发出由固体介质(寄主植株)传递的声信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。整个发声过程似为卷积同态系统， 包括：冲击序列发生器、腹部振动单元、后基片振动单元及机械滤波器。最近发现的摩擦发声器是该系统的核心。根据上述发声模型，用电子振荡电路成功地模拟了褐稻虱雌虫鸣声。     

Methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs

The in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) is the most commonly used test to detect anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of ruminants in pasture based systems. However, there are several variations on the method, some more appropriate than others in specific circumstances. While in some cases labour and time can be saved by just collecting post-drench faecal worm egg counts (FEC) of treatment groups with controls, or pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group with no controls, there are circumstances when pre- and post-drench FEC of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment groups are necessary. Computer simulation techniques were used to determine the most appropriate of several methods for calculating AR when there is continuing larval development during the testing period, as often occurs when anthelmintic treatments against genera of GIN with high biotic potential or high re-infection rates, such as Haemonchus contortus of sheep and Cooperia punctata of cattle, are less than 100% efficacious. Three field FECRT experimental designs were investigated: (I) post-drench FEC of treatment and controls groups, (II) pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group only and (III) pre- and post-drench FEC of treatment and control groups.To investigate the performance of methods of indicating AR for each of these designs, simulated animal FEC were generated from negative binominal distributions with subsequent sampling from the binomial distributions to account for drench effect, with varying parameters for worm burden, larval development and drench resistance. Calculations of percent reductions and confidence limits were based on those of the Standing Committee for Agriculture (SCA) guidelines. For the two field methods with pre-drench FEC, confidence limits were also determined from cumulative inverse Beta distributions of FEC, for eggs per gram (epg) and the number of eggs counted at detection levels of 50 and 25. Two rules for determining AR: (1) %reduction (%R) < 95% and lower confidence limit <90%; and (2) upper confidence limit <95%, were also assessed. For each combination of worm burden, larval development and drench resistance parameters, 1000 simulations were run to determine the number of times the theoretical percent reduction fell within the estimated confidence limits and the number of times resistance would have been declared.When continuing larval development occurs during the testing period of the FECRT, the simulations showed AR should be calculated from pre- and post-drench worm egg counts of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment group. If the widely used resistance rule 1 is used to assess resistance, rule 2 should also be applied, especially when %R is in the range 90 to 95% and resistance is suspected.     

圆盘式磁流变液制动器理论设计与仿真分析

介绍了磁流变液的组成,并且应用Bingham模型对磁流变液的流变特性进行了描述,分析圆盘式磁流变液制动器的工作原理,建立了制动器的力矩计算模型,进一步推导出制动器设计中主要几何参数的理论计算公式。最后在Simulink环境中对圆盘式磁流变液制动器进行了仿真分析,其结果可为进一步合理设计磁流变液制动器提供理论参考。