褐稻虱发声机理模型和雌虫鸣声的人工模拟

 褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)雌、雄成虫均能振动腹部．发出由固体介质(寄主植株)传递的声信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。整个发声过程似为卷积同态系统， 包括：冲击序列发生器、腹部振动单元、后基片振动单元及机械滤波器。最近发现的摩擦发声器是该系统的核心。根据上述发声模型，用电子振荡电路成功地模拟了褐稻虱雌虫鸣声。     

Methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs

The in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) is the most commonly used test to detect anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of ruminants in pasture based systems. However, there are several variations on the method, some more appropriate than others in specific circumstances. While in some cases labour and time can be saved by just collecting post-drench faecal worm egg counts (FEC) of treatment groups with controls, or pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group with no controls, there are circumstances when pre- and post-drench FEC of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment groups are necessary. Computer simulation techniques were used to determine the most appropriate of several methods for calculating AR when there is continuing larval development during the testing period, as often occurs when anthelmintic treatments against genera of GIN with high biotic potential or high re-infection rates, such as Haemonchus contortus of sheep and Cooperia punctata of cattle, are less than 100% efficacious. Three field FECRT experimental designs were investigated: (I) post-drench FEC of treatment and controls groups, (II) pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group only and (III) pre- and post-drench FEC of treatment and control groups.To investigate the performance of methods of indicating AR for each of these designs, simulated animal FEC were generated from negative binominal distributions with subsequent sampling from the binomial distributions to account for drench effect, with varying parameters for worm burden, larval development and drench resistance. Calculations of percent reductions and confidence limits were based on those of the Standing Committee for Agriculture (SCA) guidelines. For the two field methods with pre-drench FEC, confidence limits were also determined from cumulative inverse Beta distributions of FEC, for eggs per gram (epg) and the number of eggs counted at detection levels of 50 and 25. Two rules for determining AR: (1) %reduction (%R) < 95% and lower confidence limit <90%; and (2) upper confidence limit <95%, were also assessed. For each combination of worm burden, larval development and drench resistance parameters, 1000 simulations were run to determine the number of times the theoretical percent reduction fell within the estimated confidence limits and the number of times resistance would have been declared.When continuing larval development occurs during the testing period of the FECRT, the simulations showed AR should be calculated from pre- and post-drench worm egg counts of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment group. If the widely used resistance rule 1 is used to assess resistance, rule 2 should also be applied, especially when %R is in the range 90 to 95% and resistance is suspected.     

圆盘式磁流变液制动器理论设计与仿真分析

介绍了磁流变液的组成,并且应用Bingham模型对磁流变液的流变特性进行了描述,分析圆盘式磁流变液制动器的工作原理,建立了制动器的力矩计算模型,进一步推导出制动器设计中主要几何参数的理论计算公式。最后在Simulink环境中对圆盘式磁流变液制动器进行了仿真分析,其结果可为进一步合理设计磁流变液制动器提供理论参考。     

并联式混合动力汽车瞬时控制策略研究与改进

通过对并联式混合动力汽车瞬时控制策略的研究,分别建立了动力电池在充电和放电两种工况下的等效油耗函数,考虑到动力电池SOC和混合动力汽车制动能量回收这两个因素的影响,导出了改进后的等效油耗瞬时控制目标函数,并建立了瞬时控制模型。针对某款并联式混合动力汽车,运用ADVISOR 2002软件,对改进前后的瞬时控制策略进行了仿真。     

蓖麻花芽分化和物候期的模拟研究?

以通蓖9号、通蓖6号、通蓖5号和中东为试验材料,利用作物生理发育时间恒定的原理,系统构建了蓖麻花芽分化和物候期的机理模型。模型用Bate函数来计算相对热效应,用高斯函数来计算光周期效应,引入温度敏感性、光周期敏感性、品种早熟性和灌浆因子4个参数。运用不同地点和年份试验数据对模型进行检验,结果表明：不同品种蓖麻生长锥伸长膨大期、花梗原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花粉粒和子房形成期、花粉粒充实完成期等花芽分化阶段和出苗期、开花期、结果期和成熟期等物候期的绝对模拟误差大多都在0～5d,根均方差不超过3d。     

不同工况柴油机排气余热回收系统试验与仿真

基于有机朗肯循环(Organic rankine cycle,ORC)设计了柴油机排气余热回收系统。建立了ORC热力学仿真模型预测系统回收性能,并对某款柴油发动机在有、无ORC作用下分别进行试验,对比了试验数据与仿真结果,验证了模型的有效性。将模型应用于不同工况下,观察不同工质流量对ORC净功率及热效率的影响,结果表明ORC净功率随着转速的增加而增加,不同工况下最大热效率均为12.1%,且对应的工质流量选择区间随着转速的提高而扩大,此区间的确定可为ORC试验时工质流量范围的选择提供参考依据。     

Simulation analysis of the effect of herd immunity and age structure on infection of a cattle herd with bluetongue viruses in Queensland, Australia

A state-transition model based on Leslie matrix formulation was used to investigate the effects of herd immunity and age structure on the infection of a simulated cattle herd with bluetongue viruses under Australian climatic conditions. Increasing duration of immunity decreased the prevalence of infection. A duration of immunity of 33 months was consistent with prevalence estimates made from previous serological studies of bluetongue virus. Herd prevalence displayed slowly dampening cyclical variation over time (most pronounced when a short duration of immunity was simulated). Increasing calving and mortality risk rates in the simulated herd increased prevalence, whereas increasing age at first calving decreased prevalence. Manipulation of calving rates had the greatest effect on the predicted prevalence of infection in the herd. Simulation of a number of herd-management scenarios suggested that management systems in which cattle are bred early and where high calving rates are achieved are likely to contribute to high levels of infection with bluetongue viruses. Results confirm the importance of management factors in influencing the prevalence of infectious diseases in animal populations.     

微米木纤维图像的模拟再现理论和应用研究

提出了在木材工业中打破传统加工方法的微米级木纤雏的制备方法，并利用计算机图形技术对此过程进行了模拟再现研究。研究应用了计算机图形学中的B样条曲线法对木纤维的视频识别图像的模拟再现，来模拟微米木纤维的形成机理；利用计算机视频再现技术实现纤雏加工过程的质量控制。     

Trade-off between wheat yield and drainage under current and climate change conditions in northeast Germany

In the temperate climate of northeast Germany, a trade-off exists between water use in agricultural crop production and groundwater recharge which is important for urban water supply, irrigation, forestry and peat protection. The APSIM-Nwheat model was used to analyze the impact of climate change scenarios on deep drainage (DD), the water loss below the maximum root zone as the main source of groundwater recharge, and wheat production for two main soil types. A linear and a nonlinear climate scenario were used in this study: The linear scenario for 2001–2050 was based on a simple linearly modified historical climate record from 1951 to 2000. The nonlinear scenario used the same 1951–2000 historical climate record but combined it nonlinearly with a Global Circulation Model climate scenario for 2001–2050. Simulation results showed different distributions of deep drainage and grain yield with the linear and nonlinear scenarios, but no difference in the 50-year averages. Hence, a linear manipulation of climate records can be as effective for climate change impact studies on deep drainage and grain yield as nonlinearly manipulated climate data, if long-term average changes are of main interest. The simulation results indicated that a trade-off between deep drainage and grain yields can be potentially controlled through N management. However, such control mechanism was more effective under current climate conditions than under future climate and on a better water-holding silt soil compared to a poorer water-holding loamy sand. It is suggested that areas with poor water-holding soils should be managed extensively for groundwater recharge harvesting while better water-holding soils should be used for high input grain production.     

小麦茎顶端原基发育模拟模型的研究

本文系统地模拟了小麦植株茎顶端不同类型原基的发育过程，建立了叶原基分化、小穗原基分化和小花原基分化、退化、败育、受精结实及籽粒生长的子模型。模型引入每小穗分化的最大小花原基数、退化的最大小花原基数和籽粒潜在重量3个遗传参数，分别反映了不同小麦品种小花分化、退化和籽粒生长等方面的遗传差异。利用南京地区