秩1修正的基于模型的仿射约化割线法

把仿射约化变换应用于基本模型的割线法中,在近似海色阵修正时采用秩1修正,得到一种求解无约束最优化问题的算法,从理论上证明了算法的二次终止性.     

Soil Properties Degradation Assessment Using Infrared Scanning Technique of Soils （Case Study： Eastern of Congo）

Recently, near infrared reflectance （NIR） and mid-infrared （MIR） spectroscopy techniques are increasingly introduced as convenient and simple non-destructive techniques for quantifying several soil properties. This study uses MIR method to predict pH, soil organic C, total N, AI, Ca, Mg and K, CEC and soil texture for soil samples collected in Sud-Kivu, Congo. A total of 536 composite soil samples were taken from two locations （Burhale and Luhihi） at two depths （0-20 cm and 20-40 cm） using a spatially-stratified random sampling design within an area of 200 km2. Differences in characteristics were evaluated between the two locations, land use （cultivated vs. non-cultivated land） with soil depths. A random subset of the samples （10%） were analyzed using standard wet chemistry methods, and calibration models developed by MIR data to estimate soil properties for the full soil sample set. Partial least squares regression （PLS） method gave acceptable coefficients of determination between 0.71 and 0.93 for all parameters. Soil organic matter levels were higher in cultivated plots in Luhihi （3.9% C） than in Burhale （3.0% C）, suggesting lower levels of soil fertility in the later area. This indicates high levels of acidity, which are likely to limit crop production in the area. Phosphorus deficiency is acute in Burhale （2.4 mg P/kg） but less in Luhihi （5.4 mg P/kg）. In both locations, low levels of Ca and Mg indicate that soils may be susceptible to deficiencies in both elements.These findings provide new opportunities for monitoring soil quality in the region which can benefit multiple actors and scientists involved in the agricultural and environmental sectors.     

Effects of lodging of Echinochloa crus-galli L. on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951, a mycoherbicide using Drechslera monoceras (Drechsler) Subram. et Jain (= Exserohilum monoceras [Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs)

MTB-951 is a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ), which was isolated from native Echinochloa spp. in Japan. The conidia of this pathogen were used as the herbicidal active ingredient to control Echinochloa crus-galli L. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 on E. crus-galli was drastically increased with an increasing water depth of between 1 and 10 cm. The efficacy also was increased when shoots were lodged by pushing down on them with a stainless steel net so that all parts of the weed were submerged. These results suggest that the contact area of the leaf surface of E. crus-galli with water is important for infection and that lodging the shoots of E. crus-galli might be effective in increasing the herbicidal efficacy. In order to find other methods to lodge the weed, we investigated several materials, of which diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was found to be the most effective. Using this material as a model, the effect of lodging on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 was examined. The lodging ratio (ratio of the number of the plants lodged on the water surface to that of the total plants) was increased with an increased amount of DINP, between 0.5 and 8 kg ha⁻¹. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 also was increased by DINP and a positive correlation was observed between the lodging ratio and herbicidal efficacy. These results indicate that lodging, which can increase the contact area between the leaf surface and water, enhances the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951.     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.     

Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal concentrations as indicator of pollution sources at Mount Križna (Great Fatra,central Slovakia)

The objective of this study was to test the suitability of a simple approach to identify the direction from where airborne heavy metals reach the study area as indication of their sources. We examined the distribution of heavy metals in soil profiles and along differently exposed transects. Samples were taken from 10 soils derived from the same parent material along N-, S-, and SE-exposed transects at 0—10, 10—20, and 20—40 cm depth and analyzed for total Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The heavy metal concentrations at 0—10 cm were larger than background concentrations in German arable soils except for Cr (Cd: 0.6—1.8 mg kg^—1; Cr: 39—67; Cu: 40—77; Ni: 87—156; Pb: 48—94; Zn: 71—129; Fe: 26—34 g kg^—1; Mn: 1.1—2.4). Decreasing Cd, Cu, Mn, and Pb concentrations with increasing soil depth pointed at atmospheric inputs. Aluminum and Ni concentrations increased with soil depth. Those of Fe, Cr, and Zn did not change with depth indicating that inputs at most equalled leaching losses. The Pb accumulation in the surface layer (i.e. the ratio between the Pb concentrations at 0—10 to those at 20—40 cm depth) was most pronounced at N-exposed sites; Pb obviously reached Mount Križna mainly by long-range transport from N where several industrial agglomerations are located. Substantial Cd, Cu, and Mn accumulations at the S- and SE-exposed sites indicated local sources such as mining near to the study area which probably are also the reason for slight Cr and Zn accumulations in the SE-exposed soils. Based on a principal component analysis of the total concentrations in the topsoils four metal groups may be distinguished: 1. Cr, Ni, Zn; 2. Mn, Cd; 3. Pb (positive loading), Cu (negative loading); 4. Al, Fe, indicating common sources and distribution patterns. The results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of soil heavy metal concentrations can be used as indication of the location of pollution sources.     

塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下的土壤种子库特征

本研究根据长期地下水位的监测资料和土壤种子库的萌发试验,分析了塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下植物样地土壤种子库特征。结果显示,在干旱地区,地下水埋深的高低不仅影响地上植被群落的种类和组成,而且也对土壤种子库的密度和组成具有明显的影响。随着地下水埋深逐渐下降,种子库密度减少、物种多样性下降、生活型逐渐单一。同时地上植被群落与土壤种子库的相似性系数也逐渐降低。本研究不仅有助于丰富国内外关于干旱区土壤种子库的理论研究,而且有利于指导塔里木河下游正在开展的大规模生态恢复实践。     

民勤绿洲地下水埋深影响因素分析及其变化趋势预测

水是民勤绿洲环境保护和经济发展的关键,对影响民勤绿洲地下水资源变化的主要因素及其未来变化趋势进行预测,可为绿洲地下水资源合理开发和利用提供科学依据。利用相关性分析法,找出与民勤绿洲地下水埋深观测值相关性较好的影响因素,然后运用主成分线性回归法确定地下水埋深观测值与其主要影响因素的定量关系,并利用灰色预测法对影响绿洲地下水埋深变化的主要因素（包括人口、粮食产量和上游来水量）及地下水埋深进行趋势预测。结果表明：民勤绿洲的人口、粮食产量、上游来水量、GDP、蒸发量和大牲畜存栏量与地下水位变化密切相关;人口和粮食产量的增加会导致地下水埋深的下降,且人口增加对地下水埋深的影响远大于粮食产量增加对地下水埋深的影响;未来6年中,民勤绿洲人口和粮食产量总体呈增长趋势,上游来水量呈逐年减少趋势,地下水埋深呈下降趋势。     

高产春玉米灌浆期碳氮积累、转运及叶片衰老特性对深松深度的响应

试验采用深松35 cm（S35）和深松25 cm（S25）及不深松（CK）3个处理,比较分析各处理间吐丝后地上部干物质、氮素积累量的差异和叶片SAPD值、群体叶面积的变化。结果表明,灌浆期地上部干物质、氮素积累量均表现为S35>S25>CK处理,且随着生育进程的推进和深松深度的增加,其差异明显增大。在吐丝后36 d,各深松处理子粒干物质和氮素积累量均占成熟期的60%之上,均以S35最高;棒三叶以下叶片的氮素输出量表现为CK >S25 >S3处理;群体叶面积下降幅度表现为CK >S25 >S35处理,以吐丝后18～36 d下降最为明显;深松处理延缓了穗位叶、穗位上、下第1叶和穗位上第2叶SPAD值的下降。随深松深度的增加深松作用显著,在灌浆后期表现更明显。