Association of root dry weight and transpiration efficiency of peanut genotypes under early season drought

Root characters have been well established as drought resistance traits in peanut. However, the relationships of root characters with transpiration efficiency (TE) have not been well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between root traits and TE under early season drought. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted during February-May 2004 and November 2004-March 2005 at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen province of Thailand. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with 2 factorial set-up with four replications. Factor A consisted of two water regimes, i.e. irrigated control (FC) and 1/3 available soil water (1/3 AW) from emergence to 40 days after emergence followed by adequate water supply, and factor B comprised of 11 peanut genotypes. Data were recorded for specific leaf area (SLA) and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) at 40 and 60 days after emergence (DAE) and TE and root dry weight (RDW) at harvest. Early season drought increased SCMR, TE and RDW but it reduced SLA. Strong and more consistent variation for TE were observed among 11 peanut genotypes across seasons. Across both seasons, ICGV 98300, KK 60-3 and Tifton-8 had high TE and also had large root systems under drought conditions. KK 60-3 and Tifton-8 had low SLA and high SCMR under early season drought conditions. Root dry weight had a contribution to TE under well-watered and drought conditions, especially under drought condition. SCMR and SLA had smaller contributions to TE under well-watered and ESD conditions. From this study it was apparent that root dry weight was an important trait for TE under early season drought.     

有机氯农药生物修复菌剂对雷竹生长及土壤化学性状的影响

针对雷竹林有机氯农药六六六（HCH）残留普遍存在的现实问题,开展了雷竹林土壤HCH原位生物修复及修复菌剂（BHC-A）对雷竹新陈代谢及生理活性、竹林土壤养分活化影响的研究。结果表明,BHC-A原位降解HCH效果显著,降解率高达85.25%;BHC-A使用后,处理A、B较对照雷竹叶片叶绿素SPAD值分别提高12.82、11.36,根系活力分别提高了37.77%、24.25%,处理间差异显著,说明BHC-A可以提高雷竹新陈代谢及生理活性;BHC-A生物修复过程中,与对照相比,处理A、B土壤pH值分别下降了0.40、0.14个单位,土壤水解氮分别提高了80.33、62.67 mg.kg-1,差异达显著水平;处理A土壤有效磷、速效钾较处理B和对照分别提高了33.02、36.98 mg.kg-1和27.91、29.33 mg.kg-1,差异达显著水平;不同处理间土壤有机质及全效养分变化不明显,即BHC-A可以促进土壤养分释放,提高养分生物有效性。     

植物粟对模拟封存CO2泄漏的生理响应

碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS）技术是近年来迅速发展的温室气体减排措施,是以煤为主的中国重要的战略性减排技术之一,减排量巨大。但是,CCS发展备受争议,其泄漏有可能会对周围生态系统尤其是结构单一的农田生态系统造成严重影响。本研究以北方地区主要粮食作物粟为试验对象,自主设计模拟地质封存CO₂泄漏盆栽试验,通过对植物生育期SPAD（叶绿素相对含量）、株高、根系以及产量、穗部特征等指标的观测,分析粟对CCS泄漏的响应。结果表明：（1）受CCS泄漏的影响,植物粟SPAD值显著降低,植株叶片叶绿素含量极显著下降（P＜0.01）。（2）CCS泄漏发生30d后粟的株高显著下降,根分支显著增加,植株受泄漏影响明显。（3）CCS泄漏显著降低了植株地上部干重和鲜重,但是泄漏对地下部鲜重无显著影响,地下部干重较地上部降幅偏小。（4）CCS泄漏影响下,植株粟产量下降34.92%。此外,CCS泄漏下植株穗长、穗粗、总粒重等农艺性状下降显著。     

FACE条件下冬小麦的光合适应

利用开放式CO2浓度升高（Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment）系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL·L^-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳熟期,FACE圈内的小麦叶片在短时间高CO2浓度下初始出现的光合速率增强逐渐减弱或消失,即FACE圈内的小麦叶片表现出对高CO2浓度的光合适应现象。低氮、常规施氮水平下均发现了小麦旗叶的光合适应现象,但是光合适应现象与施氮量没有显著的线性关系。另外,研究发现,FACE系统中,冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素含量降低,这可能是导致FACE系统中小麦叶片出现光合适应现象的原因。     

小麦叶片SPAD空间分布及其与氮素营养状况的关系

利用2个小麦品种在3个施氮水平下的田间试验数据,研究了小麦叶片氮素状况和SPAD（Soil and Plant Analyzer Development）值随叶位的空间分布特征,并对不同叶位叶片的氮素状况、SPAD值之间及其与叶片平均氮素状况之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,顶1叶、顶2叶、顶3叶、顶4叶的氮含量和氮积累量都呈增加趋势,并且基本呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的顺序;各叶位SPAD值呈两段式变化规律,开花前顶2叶SPAD值最大,开花后呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的趋势。顶3叶与顶2叶的SPAD值分别与叶片平均氮含量和氮积累量的相关关系最密切。     

Leaf senescence induced by nitrogen deficiency as indicator of genotypic differences in nitrogen efficiency in tropical maize

Nitrogen efficiency is a complex trait. Identification of secondary plant traits correlating with N efficiency would facilitate the breeding for N‐efficient cultivars. Sixteen tropical maize cultivars differing in grain yield at low N supply (N efficiency) under field conditions in Zimbabwe exhibited a significant negative correlation between N efficiency and leaf senescence during grain filling. The same cultivars were studied for leaf senescence under N deficiency in a short‐term nutrient‐solution experiment. Leaf chlorophyll contents as estimated by SPAD values and photosynthesis rates were used as measures for leaf senescence. Cultivars differed both in SPAD values and photosynthesis rates of the older leaves during N deprivation. Significant negative correlations were found between SPAD values, photosynthesis rates in the nutrient‐solution experiment, and leaf‐senescence scores in the field experiments, and positive correlations were found between photosynthesis rates and grain yield under low‐N conditions in the field. Relationships between physiological root parameters, which were also investigated in the nutrient‐solution experiment, and N uptake or grain yield of the cultivars in the field could not be established. It is concluded, that the assessment of the capacity of a genotype to maintain a higher photosynthetic capacity of older leaves during N deficiency–induced senescence at the seedling stage is a suitable selection parameter for the N efficiency of tropical maize cultivars.     

羊草叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的相关分析

本研究采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精－丙酮浸提法测定河北沽源和内蒙古图牧集天然草原羊草的叶绿素SPAD值、叶绿素ａ、叶绿素ｂ和总叶绿素含量,探讨野外生态学实验采用叶绿素仪简便快速测定叶绿素的精确度。结果表明,在同一草原不同羊草个体之间羊草叶绿素含量和叶绿素SPAD值在一定范围波动,变异系数为20.457-36.921 %。河北沽源和内蒙古图牧集天然草原羊草叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量随叶绿素SPAD值的增加而增加,呈线性函数、指数和幂函数规律变化,且均达到极显著相关水平,其中线性函数相关程度最大,可以更准确的预测羊草叶绿素含量。因此,可以利用SPAD-502叶绿素仪在野外条件下原位准确、快速地测定羊草叶绿素,为牧草生产实践提供理论依据     

不同氮素形态对黄瓜光合作用及果实品质的影响

采用设施栽培的试验方法,测定时分为黄瓜初花叶位、花叶叶位、果叶叶位,研究了不同铵态氮/硝态氮肥料配比对黄瓜叶绿素、光合作用及果实品质的影响.结果表明:相同处理的黄瓜不同叶位的SPAD差异显著,黄瓜花叶叶位的SPAD值最大,其次是果叶叶位,最后是初花叶位;不同的铵态氮、硝态氮配施,无论是初花、花叶还是果叶叶位的SPAD都...     

黔西南州烟区烤烟高可用性上部叶适宜采收期研究

为探明黔西南州烟区烤烟上部叶的适宜采收期,确定最适于当地产质量提升的成熟采收标准,以云烟87为试验材料,研究上6片烟叶采收期（提前4d,正常和延迟4、8、12d采收）对烤后烟叶外观品质、化学成分、经济性状和感官品质的影响。结果表明,随着采收时间的延迟,烟叶的成熟度增加,烟碱含量升高,相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）和糖碱比降低。适当延迟采收能改善上6片烟叶的品质,叶片厚度减小、疏松度提高、油分增多、香气量增加、刺激性降低,感官品质好,经济效益高。通过对经济性状和感官评吸模拟回归方程得出,上部烟叶延迟3.03d采收产值最高,延迟6.95d采收评吸总分最高。综合经济效益和感官质量,黔西南州烟区上部烟叶应适当延迟5~7d,在上3片烟叶SPAD值10.36~12.79、下3片SPAD值11.82~13.82的区间进行采收,且按照先下3片、后上3片分类采收后编杆装炕较适宜,可获得产量和质量均较好且可用性高的优质上部烟叶。     

基于相对叶绿素含量的黄瓜叶色仿真

提出了一种基于相对叶绿素含量的植物叶片颜色仿真方法,通过连续对正常生长状态下的黄瓜叶片图像采集及相对叶绿素含量SPAD值测定,建立了黄瓜叶片颜色分量与SPAD值的数学关系模型,并采用均方根误差(RMSE)对模型进行验证,结果显示叶片的3个颜色分量R、G、B的实测值与模拟值之间的RMSE为13.43%、8.47%、7.42%,模拟效果较好。通过结合叶片色素浓度分布图对叶色空间分布进行仿真,并采用高级着色器语言实现了黄瓜叶片表观颜色变化过程的可视化模拟,获得了较好的真实感效果。