高温胁迫对水稻拔节期净光合速率·SPAD·叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

[目的]研究高温胁迫对水稻（Oryza satva L.）拔节期净光合速率、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。[方法]供试水稻品种为江苏省镇江市常用品种镇稻6号。温度具体设定（一天按24 h计）如下：10：00为36℃,11：00为38℃,12：00为39℃1,3：00为40℃1,4：00为38℃,15：00为35℃。[结果]与对照组相比,高温胁迫下水稻的净光合速率、相对叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光主要参数（Fm和Fv/Fm）均明显降低,并且随着胁迫温度的升高及胁迫时间的延长,下降幅度也逐步增大。[结论]高温显著降低了PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和Fm,说明高温抑制了光合碳代谢的电子供应,这与水稻叶片的净光合速率以及相对叶绿素含量指标变化情况相一致。     

Improving in-season nitrogen recommendations for maize using an active sensor

An active crop canopy reflectance sensor could be used to increase N-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.), if temporal and spatial variability in soil N availability and plant demand are adequately accounted for with an in-season N application. Our objective was to evaluate the success of using an active canopy sensor for developing maize N recommendations. This study was conducted in 21 farmers’ fields from 2007 to 2009, representing the maize production regions of east central and southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Four blocks at each site included seven sidedress N rates (0–280 kg N ha⁻¹) and one at-planting N rate of 280 kg N ha⁻¹. Canopy reflectance in the 590 nm and 880 nm wavelengths, soil samples, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements and above-ground biomass were collected at the 6th–7th-leaf growth stage (V6–V7). Relative amber normalized difference vegetative index (ANDVI_relative) and relative SPAD (SPAD_relative) were determined based on the relative measurements from the zero sidedress treatment to the 280 kg N ha⁻¹ at-planting treatment. Observations from the current study were compared to relationships between economic optimum N rate (EONR) and ANDVI_relative, presidedress NO₃ test (PSNT), or SPAD_relative that were developed from a previous study. These comparisons were based on an absolute mean difference (AMD) between observed EONR and the previously determined predicted relationships. The AMD for the relationship between EONR and ANDVI_relative in the current study was 46 kg N ha⁻¹. Neither the PSNT (AMD = 66 kg N ha⁻¹) nor the SPAD_relative (AMD = 72 kg N ha⁻¹) provided as good an indicator of EONR. When using all the observations from the two studies for the relationships between EONR and the various measurements, ANDVI_relative (R² = 0.65) provided a better estimate of EONR than PSNT (R² = 0.49) or SPAD_relative (not significant). Crop reflectance captured similar information as the PSNT and SPAD_relative, as reflected in strong relationships (R² > 0.60) among these variables. Crop canopy reflectance using an active sensor (i.e. ANDVI_relative) provided as good or better an indicator of EONR than PSNT or SPAD_relative, and provides an opportunity to easily adjust in-season N applications spatially.     

棉花芽黄材料主要光合特性和农艺性状的研究

以v1、v2、v3、v4、v5v6、v8、v9、v10、v11、v13、v14、v15、v16v17、v18、v19、vg和彭泽芽黄等17份芽黄突变体材料及中棉所58突变体中58vsp为研究对象,测定了各材料不同时期不同叶位的SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ量子产量(φPSⅡ),同时对各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状进行了调查和研究。结果表明,芽黄材料作为一种叶色突变体,其叶片相对叶绿素含量在不同时期、不同叶位的差异较大,各芽黄材料均以倒5叶或倒4叶的SPAD值最高,刚展平的倒2叶的SPAD值最小,其中中58vsp的倒2叶SPAD值最低;随着植株的发育,所有芽黄材料在7月5日、15日其倒4、倒5叶的SPAD值达到最大。与光合作用密切相关的最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ量子产量(φPSⅡ)在各芽黄突变体材料之间差异也较大,其中v2最高,v3、v19最低。另外还发现各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状存在较大的差异。本文对于不同芽黄突变体材料特性的初步研究,将为更好地将芽黄突变体用于棉花遗传育种和分子生物学研究打下了理论基础。     

甜菜不同基因型品种光合特性比较

发展甜菜生产进一步提高其产量和含糖率,对发展工农业生产、增加农民收益有重要的意义。以丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种为材料,研究比较不同基因型品种光合特性及其与产质量形成的关系。结果表明：不同基因型甜菜在各生育期叶片SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率的动态变化趋势不同,且存在显著差异。苗期丰产品种的胞间CO₂浓度低于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期丰产品种气孔导度低于高糖品种。块根及糖分增长期丰产品种光合速率高于高糖品种。糖分积累期丰产品种叶片SPAD值低于高糖品种,胞间CO₂浓度高于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期、糖分积累期丰产品种蒸腾速率低于高糖品种。     

Relationships of spectral traits with yield and nutritional quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in dry seasons

Four snap bean varieties (green and yellow-podded) were grown in three water supplies (regularly irrigated, deficit-irrigated and non-irrigated) in order to examine the spectral reflectance at leaf and canopy levels, leaf area index (LAI) and their relationships with the yield and nutritional quality at the University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary from 2011 to 2013. Under non-irrigated condition, the plant height decreased, SPAD values were high but LAI and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were low. The difference in SPAD values was higher between the varieties during flowering under non-irrigated condition and it was more pronounced during pod development using deficit irrigation. In dry years, non-irrigated condition SPAD did not correlate with the yield but during pod development it was correlated with the dry matter content of the pods. The relationship of SPAD with protein and crude fiber content of pods was strongly dependent on the cropping years. Under deficit-irrigated condition, NDVI measured during flowering and pod development correlated closely with the yield where a higher NDVI (0.85) predicted either 6 or 9.5 t ha^?1 of yield depending on the variety. Under this condition Serengeti variety with green pods was prominent based on the studied traits among the varieties.     

二氧化钛喷施剂在不同光照强度下对离体烟叶SPAD值的影响

采用室内试验方法,将成熟期离体烤烟上部叶置于不同光照强度的人工气候箱中,在相同的温湿度下对烟叶喷施不同的试剂处理,使用SPAD-502仪对烟叶每个时间点的相对叶绿素含量进行测定.结果表明:在相同的光照强度下,0.45g/L的二氧化钛复合氧化石墨烯喷施处理在72h内能保持较高的相对叶绿素含量;而同一喷施处理下,光照强度的增加会加快烟叶中叶绿素的降解进程.     

不同种植方式对糜子干物质积累及产量的影响

为明确种植方式对糜子产量的影响,以抗旱高产糜子品种‘陕糜1号’为材料,常规等行距条播为对照(CK),研究等行距穴播(CX)、宽窄行条播(KT)和宽窄行穴播(KX)3种不同种植方式对糜子地上部干物质积累、顶三叶叶绿素含量及产量的影响。结果表明,糜子抽穗后,不同种植方式的地上部分干物质积累量均呈现先上升后随植株衰老下降的趋势;叶片、叶鞘和茎秆干物质积累呈单峰变化趋势,在抽穗后14d达到最大值;籽粒随着生育期推进呈"S"型增长趋势;顶三叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)在抽穗14d后总体呈下降趋势。CX、KT和KX 3种种植方式的干物质积累量、顶三叶叶绿素含量均显著高于CK;KX、KT 2种种植方式下的产量显著高于CX、CK,但CX与CK的产量差异不明显。综合分析显示,因地制宜选择宽窄行种植方式是糜子增产增效的关键栽培措施。     

Effect of different levels of nitrogen in nutrient solution and crop system on nitrate accumulation in endive

With the objective of studying the effect of two nutrient solutions and two crop systems (greenhouse and openfield) on nitrate accumulation, incidence of tipburn and chlorophyll content, endive (cv. Cuartana) was planted in 8 L pots, filled with a mixture of coconut coir:perlite (1:1) in three different cycles C1 (winter), C2 (spring) and C3 (summer). Plants were irrigated with two nutrient solutions of different nitrate content: S1, low ([NO^?₃] = 7.91 mmol L^?1) and S2 moderate nitrate content ([NO^?₃] = 16.91 mmol L^?1). Nitrate content was determined by reflectometry, tipburn was evaluated using a qualitative scale and chlorophyll content by soil plant analysis development(SPAD) values. Plants irrigated with S2 showed higher nitrate accumulation in leaves in all cycles, however, no influence of the nutrient solution was observed on the incidence of tipburn. Greenhouse-cultivated plants accumulated more nitrates than those cultivated in open field and also showed a higher incidence of tipburn and SPAD values.     

2个黑麦草品种SPAD值和叶绿素及粗蛋白含量的相关性研究

通过测定黑麦草(Loliumperenne)"长江2号"和"蓝天堂"2个品种间叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素含量和粗蛋白质含量,比较分析了这2个品种的SPAD值、叶绿素含量、粗蛋白质含量的差异以及三者之间的关系。研究结果表明,"长江2号"无论是SPAD值、叶绿素含量还是蛋白质含量都比"蓝天堂"高;这2个黑麦草品种的第1叶SPAD值、叶绿素含量和粗蛋白质含量都高于第2叶,但这2个品种的这3个性状差异不显著;"蓝天堂"和"长江2号"的SPAD值与叶绿素含量、粗蛋白质含量均呈显著正相关。     

SPAD计在黄瓜氮素营养诊断中的应用效果

在日光温室内,采用小区种植的方式应用叶绿素仪SPAD-502和硝态氮反射仪快速监测黄瓜叶片氮素营养的研究。结果表明:黄瓜正在开花叶片和正在结果叶片的全氮含量均与黄瓜叶片的SPAD值和硝态氮的浓度具有很好的相关性,无论花叶还是果叶都是开展氮素营养诊断的主要部位;基于SPAD计的无损诊断结合硝态氮的快速诊断可以获取氮素营养状况,生产中根据条件作出正确的选择,实施合理施肥。