Impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil

The impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated using laboratory batch assays. Experiments were conducted with two types of soil with different organic contents. The LMWOAs used were citric and oxalic acid. A mild solvent extraction procedure and a sorption-desorption experiment were used to predict the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene. Results showed that the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene in both soil types increased with increased citric or oxalic acid concentration. Citric acid addition promoted phenanthrene and pyrene extraction to a greater degree than oxalic acid. Compared with freshly spiked soils, the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene with the addition of LMWOAs decreased significantly after 60 days of cultivation. Soils with higher values of soil organic carbon content (f_oc) showed decreased phenanthrene and pyrene availability after the addition of LMWOAs. The sorption and desorption results also demonstrated the enhanced availability of PAHs with LMWOA addition. Phenanthrene sorption could be described using a linear model, regardless of the addition of LMWOAs. The simulated distribution constants (K_d) for phenanthrene sorption decreased significantly with the addition of LMWOAs. In contrast, phenanthrene desorption clearly increased with the addition of LMWOAs. These results suggest that the availabilities of phenanthrene and pyrene can be increased with the addition of suitable LMWOAs.     

Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii)

Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO _n3 ^– -N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO₄ ^3–, K⁺, Fe²⁺, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.     

化学分析实验室的质量管理特点与LIMS的运用

介绍了化学分析实验室的业务特点,对照GB/T 15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC 17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》,指出了在不同环节中进行质量管理应注意的事项.评述了实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)应具备的功能层次和与环境检测实验室的业务相对应的功能模块.     

仙草蜜抗氧化活性的研究

利用Fenton反应,研究了仙草蜜清除羟自由基的作用;采用邻苯三酚自氧化法,研究仙草蜜清除超氧阴离子自由基的作用。结果表明,仙草蜜具有清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的作用,且在实验的范围内,其清除能力随浓度的增大而增强。     

六价铬(K_2CrO_4)对小麦根尖细胞毒害效应的分析

用不同浓度的铬酸钾(1.00,5.00,10.0,25.0,75.0,200,500μmol.L-1)对小麦根尖进行染毒处理24 h,显微镜观察小麦根尖有丝分裂细胞,统计微核率、有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率。结果表明,在相同时间内,随着六价铬(CrO42-)浓度的增大,微核率逐渐升高;细胞有丝分裂指数逐渐降低;染色体畸变率逐渐升高;呈现出明显的剂量效应。说明六价铬(CrO42-)可引起小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制和染色体的损伤,对小麦幼根具有明显的毒害效应。     

我国北部及中东部地区玉米根际土壤中寄生线虫种类调查研究

对我国北部及中东部9省(直辖市)的57市(县)采集玉米根际土壤样品,从92份土样中共分离到17属植物寄生线虫,即垫刃属(Tylenchus)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、杆垫刃属(Rhabdotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)、叉针属(Boleodorus)、巴兹尔属(Basiria)、矮化属(Tylenchorhynchus)、短体属(Pratylenchus)、小环属(Criconemella)、茎属(Ditylenchus)、纽带属(Hoplolaimus)、盾属(Scutellonema)、盘旋属(Rotylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、拟盘旋属(Pararotylenchus)、真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)、滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)。其中,矮化属线虫分布较广,占样本总数的58.70%;螺旋属线虫的相对丰度最大,占线虫总数的47.53%,这两属线虫为玉米根际土壤中的优势属。对不同地区线虫种群进行分析得出,螺旋属线虫为山东、安徽、江苏及河南省的优势属,矮化属线虫为黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、北京和河北省(市)的优势属,垫刃属线虫是吉林省的优势属,短体属线虫为辽宁和河南两省的优势属。     

中规模推广级橡胶树优良品种热研7—33—97的选育

热研7—33—97是一个速生高产抗性较强的橡胶树优良品种。两院试验场高级试验区头9个割年的鉴定结果,其平均干胶产量为4.35千克/株·年、1910千克/公顷·年,分别为对照RRIM600的131.8％和169.5％,干胶含量高,产胶潜力大,干胶性能好,抗风、抗寒能力都优于RRIM600,1993年被评为中规模推广级品种。     

高钾用量和根区施肥可提升皖南不同质地土壤烟叶钾含量

钾是烟叶的品质元素之一,提升烟叶钾含量一直是我国烟草行业关注的重点之一。本文选取安徽烤烟主产区皖南宣城市砂土与黏土两类典型土壤,以云烟97为试验材料,研究田间条件下不同高钾用量水平与施肥方式对烟叶钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,在耕层土壤全层混施方式下,随着施钾量增加(0、300、600、900、1 200、1 800、2400mg/kg,以纯K计),两种质地土壤烟叶钾含量均显著上升,呈先快速增加而后缓慢增加的趋势。在钾肥用量低于1 200 mg/kg时,每增加钾肥用量100 mg/kg,砂土和黏土烟叶不同部位钾含量分别平均增加2.4 g/kg和1.0 g/kg。更高钾肥用量可使砂土烟叶钾平均含量提升到44.0 g/kg,黏土则只能提升到26.2 g/kg。两类土壤钾肥效果差异极大的原因与土壤固钾能力有关,土壤速效钾含量与烟叶钾含量呈线性相关,而黏土钾肥固定率平均为71%,远高于砂土的25%,这是两种质地土壤钾肥肥效差异的根本原因。在常规同等钾肥用量条件下(K2O25kg/667m2),氮磷钾根区集中施用较常规条施显著促进了烟叶对钾的吸收,提升了烟叶钾含量,而且砂土的效果要好于黏土,其原因也与根区施肥可显著提升烟叶根区土壤速效钾含量有关。以上结果表明,选择固钾能力弱的土壤,提高钾肥用量并改进施肥方法可以有效提升皖南烟叶钾的含量。     

桔小实蝇14-3-3基因的克隆和表达谱分析

【目的】克隆桔小实蝇14-3-3蛋白的基因（Bactrocera dorsalis 14-3-3,Bdor 14-3-3）,研究Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在不同组织和不同发育时期的表达情况,探索其是否参与了桔小实蝇的发育过程。【方法】采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)技术克隆Bdor 14-3-3;采用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）方法,研究Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在桔小实蝇不同组织及不同发育时期的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得了Bdor 14-3-3基因,其编码区长度为747 bp,编码248个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列一致性分析表明,在昆虫纲中,桔小实蝇与刺舌蝇14-3-3蛋白的序列一致性最高,为98.8%,与豌豆蚜的序列一致性最低,为85.4%。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在桔小实蝇不同组织和发育时期都有表达;在雌虫头（去除触角）和翅中的相对表达量均较高,分别是触角的1.39和1.44倍;在雄虫胸和后足中的相对表达量均较高,分别是前足的1.28 和1.23倍。在蛹的早期发育过程中Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA表达量逐渐升高,到7 d蛹期相对表达量达到最高峰,是10 d蛹的4.91倍。【结论】克隆获得了Bdor 14-3-3基因,其表达的14-3-3蛋白可能参与了桔小实蝇的变态发育过程,尤其在蛹的发育过程中Bdor 14-3-3可能发挥着重要作用。     

云南芒市避灾绿地植物配置与规划

通过对芒市城市绿地现状植物进行调查,从防灾、避灾、减灾的角度分析芒市避灾绿地植物配置的现状与问题;针对存在的问题,依据避灾植物配置与规划原则,分析应对不同灾害时植物的配置方法以及树种的选择。