Effect of soil moisture during stratification on dormancy release in seeds of five common weed species

Although the effects of cold stratification on the release of physiological dormancy in seeds have been studied extensively, knowledge of the role of soil moisture content on seed dormancy release during cold stratification is limited. Our study determined seed dormancy characteristics and the effect of soil moisture content on seed dormancy breakage during cold stratification in the five common weed species Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Plantago lanceolata and Setaria glauca. Seeds of all five species were dormant at the time of harvest and their germination response to light and temperature varied. Soil moisture content had a significant effect on seed dormancy release of all species except P. lanceolata. Germination percentage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum increased and then decreased as soil moisture content increased, regardless of germination test temperature. The optimal soil moisture content and seed moisture content for dormancy breakage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum were 8%, 12%, 8% and 22.0%, 37.7%, 25.7% respectively. Dry storage (after‐ripening) significantly increased germination of S. glauca. Moreover, increasing soil moisture content first slowed and then increased dormancy breakage in S. glauca. These results suggest that data on soil moisture content should be incorporated into models that predict weed seed dormancy breakage and timing of seedling emergence as well as those for weed management.     

南方水稻籼改粳与“青森5号事件”——20世纪50年代发生的一起重大引种事故

建国初期,各级政府习惯用战争年代开展"群众运动"的做法指导农业生产,"青森5号事件"是一起典型的违反科学规律和自然规律、不尊重科学家意见,盲目引种造成水稻大面积减产事例。《人民日报》发表社论,针对北种南移、远程调运造成减产的问题,批评在种子工作中存在的盲目调种、急于求成、强迫命令现象。最后由政府承担了"盲目引种"造成损失的责任。"青森5号事件"催生了农作物品种区域试验制度,以及"自繁、自选、自留、自用,辅之以调剂"(通称为"四自一辅")种子工作方针。     

NDBS增产灵在水稻上不同时期喷施的效果

NDBS增产灵在水稻上不同时期喷施均表现出增产作用 ,对分蘖能力、有效穗、实粒数、结实率、千粒重等都有影响 ,但程度有所不同 ,以“苗期 +分蘖期”喷施增产效果最佳     

抗除草剂基因基因枪法转化粳稻的研究

优化了粳稻的组织培养体系;通过Gus基因的瞬间表达研究,明确了以DNA金弹到靶细胞距离为9cm,轰击2次时,PDS1000/He基因枪法转化水稻胚性愈伤组织的效率最高。应用基因枪法将抗除草剂基因(bar)转入吉林省主栽的水稻品种长白8号中,获得了可育的转基因水稻植株。经过Gus基因的组织化学分析,PCR和Southern杂交检测,证明抗除草剂基因已整合到水稻基因组中得以表达,使水稻产生对除草剂的抗性。转基因水稻中发现一例基因沉默现象。     

不同抗性水稻品种幼苗接种稻瘟病菌弱毒菌株后的生化反应

本研究依据寄主—病原物相互关系,对黑龙江主栽水稻品种空育131（含有pi-15（t）和pi-b基因）和对照品种丽江新团黑谷（不合抗性基因）接种弱毒力菌株LBDM-2后进行生化指标的测定,检测过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、苯丙氨酸解胺酶（PAL）等保护酶活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化差异,确定出SOD、POD、CAT、PPO和PAL活性可以作为可靠的鉴定其抗性的辅助指标。     

山东主要水稻品种演变及系谱分析

50多年来,山东省水稻品种经过4次大的更新,每一次更新都对稻作起到了极大的促进作用。山东水稻品种选育中,桂花黄、日本品种以及地方品种对水稻品种改良起到了关键作用。山东省水稻育种工作还应加大国内外优良稻种资源的引进和利用,并注重应用育种新技术和新方法。     

高酸值米糠油酶法酯化脱酸研究

对脂肪酶Novozym 435催化高酸值米糠油酯化脱酸进行了研究.利用响应面分析法(RSM)优化脱酸条件.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理对试验条件进行优化,在分析各因素显著性及其交互作用的基础上,得出米糠油酯化脱酸最佳工艺参数为:酶质量分数1.1％、甘油添加量0.42 mg、温度56.4℃、反应时间23.2 h.实际测得脱酸后米糠油酸值(KOH)由56 mg/g降为5.04 mg/g,游离脂肪酸酯化率达到91％,与模型预测值基本相符.     

稻麦两熟制条件下钵苗机插方式对不同类型水稻品种米质的影响

为探明钵苗机插方式在稻麦两熟地区对水稻米质性状的影响及其品种类型间差异,本文以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和籼粳交水稻为材料,比较了钵苗机插、毯苗机插和机械直播3种种植方式在稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下的稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质特性变化及其品种类型间差异。结果表明,钵苗机插的整精米率比毯苗机插和机械直播分别提高1.6%和4.9%(P0.05),整精米产量分别提高7.8%和25.9%(P0.05),改善了稻米加工品质;与毯苗机插和机械直播相比,钵苗机插的稻米垩白米率、垩白面积和垩白度显著增加,对稻米外观品质有不利影响,但钵苗机插精米蛋白质含量较高,有利于稻米营养品质的改良,其精米蛋白质产量分别比毯苗机插和机械直播提高8.7%和28.0%;3种种植方式相比,钵苗机插稻米蒸煮食味品质表现出一定程度的变优趋势,其中,稻米直链淀粉含量、消减值和糊化温度呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势,胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势;食味值于种植方式间无显著差异,呈籼粳交水稻和常规粳稻钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播,杂交籼稻毯苗机插钵苗机插机械直播的趋势。由此得出,钵苗机插不仅能增加稻谷产量,还能改善部分稻米品质特征,是稻麦两熟地区实现高产高效优质协调水稻生产的潜力型机械化种植方式。     

Adoption of leaf color chart for nitrogen use efficiency in rice: Impact assessment of a farmer-participatory experiment in West Bengal,India

Unbalanced and excessive use of N-fertilizers causes environmental pollution, lodging of plants and increased pest pressure, in addition to increased cost to farmers from excessively applied fertilizers and pesticides. N application at the right time and in right amount is critical for healthy plant and environment. Rice leaf color intensity is directly related to leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen status. The concept for the use of leaf color as an indicator to apply N in rice was crystallized during 1990s. The International Rice Research Institute and the Philippine Rice Research Institute developed a leaf color chart (LCC) that helps guide farmers for real-time nitrogen management in rice farming. The technology is inexpensive, and easily affordable by most resource poor rice farmers. In 2003 we initiated a farmer-participatory research to validate real-time N management in rice by the use of LCC in West Bengal state of India. After 3 years of validation research, a survey was conducted to assess the adoption and impact of LCC. The survey was conducted in both intervention and adjacent control villages and data were collected from 20% farm households selected randomly. In this paper, we report findings of the study on the determinants of adoption of LCC, and its effect on fertilizer and pesticides use.     

稻壳制活性炭及其对污水中铬的吸附能力研究

研究了以稻壳为原料用磷酸活化法制备粉状活性炭的条件,并探讨了稻壳活性炭对水中铬离子的吸附性能。结果表明废弃稻壳在氮气保护下,以每分钟升温10℃的速率加热到400℃进行预炭化,再在800℃条件下活化所制备的活性炭对废水中重金属铬离子具有较强的吸附性能。这为稻壳的综合利用、提高农副产品的价值及解决环境污染提供了一条途径。