铧式犁耕作对沙尘暴的影响

通过对沙尘暴起因及危害的分析,表明沙尘暴70来源于表面裸露疏松的耕地,而铧式犁是造成这一结果的最大根源.因此,必须改革铧式犁耕作,推行以"留茬免耕秸秆全程覆盖"为主要内容的保护性耕作技术,这是预防和减轻沙尘暴的根本措施.     

双向犁平地合墒器随动翻转机构的研究

为了在双向犁上配置合墒器解决耕耙复式作业,对双向犁及平地合墒器进行了分析,提出双向犁平地合墒器随动翻转机构,对随动翻转机构的主要设计参数进行了理论分析,论述了各参数之间的关系及选择原则。试验表明,该机构工作稳定可靠,具有良好的使用价值。     

微生物菌剂对设施辣椒秸秆原位堆肥土壤理化性质及细菌群落的影响

为明确微生物菌剂对设施废弃秸秆参与原位堆肥的影响,以辣椒秸秆为研究对象,利用实验室常规化学分析方法,测定堆肥理化性质,并通过16srDNA高通量测序技术分析堆肥过程细菌群落。结果表明：外源微生物菌剂可显著提高堆肥期间土壤温度,提高电导率值,促进总氮的固定,有效减少堆肥中期氮素损失。不同发酵时期细菌优势菌种不同,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus）是辣椒秸秆原位堆肥过程在门水平优势细菌。克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和假单孢菌属（Pseudomonas）是属水平优势细菌。微生物菌剂对细菌群落结构的影响主要体现在堆肥升温期和降温期。添加300kg/hm2微生物菌剂处理堆肥最高温度比对照提高1.95℃,和堆肥前相...     

犁体耕作阻力模型仿真分析与试验研究

为进一步提高犁体耕作性能,分析影响犁体耕作阻力的因素,基于摩尔-库仑土壤剪切理论,建立了包含犁体结构参数、土壤物理特性和犁体工作参数的耕作阻力模型,耕作阻力表达式包含了犁铲尖和犁铧切削土壤阻力、土壤在犁壁上产生的摩擦力和翻垡过程土壤动量变化产生的阻力、犁壁翻垡使土壤势能增加产生的阻力、作用在犁铧和犁壁上的横向力产生的摩擦力、土壤横向运动对犁壁产生的阻力。基于新疆玉米地土壤物理特性,建立了两种高速犁体A和B的耕作阻力方程,在不同耕宽（0.35、0.42 m）、耕深（0.255、0.305 m）和耕速(2.22、2.5、2.78 m·s^-1)作业条件下对耕作阻力进行了理论、仿真和试验研究,分析了犁体耕作阻力的影响因素,结果表明,仿真值与计算值的平均误差为3.37%,试验值与计算值的平均误差为7.18%,试验值与仿真值的平均误差为3.71%。犁体耕作阻力与铧刃角呈非线性增长关系;与耕深呈三次函数增长关系;与耕速呈二次函数增长关系;犁体耕作过程的功率消耗与耕速呈三次函数的增长关系。提出设置合理的安全系数（s_f）,使拖拉机配套功率P_s     

Identifying the position of the compacted layer by measuring soil penetration resistance in a dryland farming region in Northeast China

Topsoil is disturbed by ploughing, the effects of infiltration, the movement of fine particles from the topsoil to the subsoil, and direct pressure from agriculture machinery, all creating an abrupt delineation in the form of a compacted layer with very low permeability. Spatial variability of soil properties, such as soil structure and penetration resistance (PR), can help identify the compacted layer. However, there are no quantitative methods to describe this layer. In this study, PR was used to survey different soil types. A Mann–Kendall (M-K) test of PR data was used to identify the presence and position of the compacted layer in a dryland farming region of Northeast China. Our results demonstrated that PR was mainly affected by bulk density and soil water content. Compared with the topsoil, PR was more significantly affected by water content in deeper soil layers. An M-K test of the PR curve can provide a more reliable and objective assessment of the thickness of the plough layer and location of the compacted layer than field observation. Our data indicated that there was a compacted layer in the soil profile in the study areas and the spatial variability of the compacted layer was heterogeneous. The plough layer was shallow, and the compacted layer was thicker in areas with frequent use of agricultural machinery. Moreover, frequent use of agricultural machinery resulted in a PR of the plough and compacted layers that was greater than that in other areas. Information on identifying the position and thickness of the compacted layer and the factors influencing their spatial distribution can be used to create effective soil management options and improve conditions for the development of plant roots in dryland farming regions.     

Strategies for Improving the Overall Environmental Quality of Rivers Based on “Renovation and Restoration” Concept: A Case Study of Landscape Planning of Linjiang River,Yongchuan District,Chongqing City

The concept of "renovation and restoration" marks the transformation from urban and rural planning and construction to intensive development mode and to quality improvement stage.The environmental imbalance problem of emphasizing development and neglecting ecology in the past has become the focus of the current urban quality improvement stage.Rivers are related to the origin,development and evolution of cities,affect the layout,transportation and environment of cities,and bear the culture,economy and characteristics of cities.Taking the Linjing River of Yongchuan in Chongqing as an example and taking the concept of "renovation and restoration" as the guidance of the design of the overall environmental quality improvement of the river,this study analyzed and summarized the problems to be solved in the improvement of the environmental quality of the river based on the four river environmental impact factors of water pollution,water resource supply and demand,ecological environment and shore water waterfront type and the strategies of optimizing the aquatic environment management,constructing the ecological landscape pattern,shaping the regional cultural landscape and combining the economic development along the river were put forward in order to improve the overall environmental quality of Linjiang River and provide reference for relevant planning and design.     

Quantifying soil displacement and tillage erosion rate by different tillage systems in dryland northwestern Iran

Redistribution of soil particles by the force applied by tillage is a major factor in soil degradation of agricultural land. Decreasing tillage intensity can reduce the amount of soil displaced and the distance moved and hence may reduce rates of erosion. To understand the relative importance of erosion, we tabulated machine, soil and landform properties likely to be involved. We compared soil displacement and tillage erosion rates under different systems, including mouldboard ploughing (conventional tillage), chisel ploughing (reduced tillage), stubble cultivator (minimum tillage) and no‐tillage under dryland agriculture in northwestern Iran. The area was undulating and so all tillage took place along contours. Metallic tracers were buried in the soil at known locations and depths and their recovery after tillage provided a measure of soil displacement and tillage erosion. Conventional tillage along a contour line caused significantly greater soil displacement (≃57 cm) in the direction of tillage than reduced and minimum tillage systems (~20 and ~15 cm, respectively). Conventional tillage also caused more lateral soil displacement (downwards in the main direction of slope, the tillage erosion rate) than reduced or minimum tillage systems (48 cm or 152 kg/m vs. 5 and 4 cm or 16 and 7 kg/m, respectively). Although a range of factors contribute to the tillage systems used by farmers, our results suggest that under dryland conditions, similar to those found in our study area, adoption of noninversion, reduced tillage along the contour, for example by chisel ploughing can substantially limit tillage erosion relative to conventional tillage.     

毛竹林免耕施肥技术试验研究

在地形复杂、坡度较陡、大雨频繁的毛竹林区,采用免耕施肥技术,既不造成水土流失,又能达到增产的效果。经试验,每年施碳铵70～80kg/亩、尿素15kg/亩的试验区比对照区竹笋增产69.88％,竹材增产34.94％,毛料增产30.93％;每年施碳铵40kg/亩和尿素20kg/亩的示范区比示范前竹笋增产669.2％,竹材增产131.82％,毛料增产97.54％。本研究免耕施肥方法有:开水平沟、竹蒲头打洞和每竹眉形沟施三种,均有明显效果,但三种方法之间无显著差异。     

PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL RENOVATION IN THE CONTIGUOUS AREA OF SHANXI,SHAANXI AND INNER MONGOLIA

<正> The studied area consists of 16 counties belonging to 3 provinces or autonomous re-gion, which are Hequ, Baode, Pianguan and Xinxian counties of Shanxi Province; Yulin,Shenmu, Fugu, Hengshan, Jingbian and Dingbian counties of Shaanxi Province;Dongsheng, Tuoketuo, Qingshuihe counties and Yijinhuoluo, Dalate, Zhungeer banners of     

旧居住区景观改造探索

阐述了旧居住区景观建设的优点及其存在问题和局限,提出了旧居住区景观改造原则和解决这些问题的办法,从而使旧居住区的环境质量得到改善,功能得到提升。