深翻犁翻转机构的研究与分析

以1LX-S-65悬挂翻转式深翻犁翻转机构为对象,对其立式液压油缸进行运动分析,并建立了翻转机构的数学模型。通过对翻转机构的受力分析及计算液压油缸的相关参数,设计了能够实现1LX-S-65深翻犁地头顺利平稳翻转的翻转机构,从而以较小的换向冲击确保犁的成功越中和换向。     

Describing Polygonum aviculare emergence in different tillage systems

Effects of four tillage systems (direct drill, subsoiler, chisel plough and mouldboard plough) on the dynamics of Polygonum aviculare populations were studied over three growing seasons. Cumulative emergence on a weekly basis was determined. Cumulative emergence from two years of chisel ploughing was used to develop an emergence model for P. aviculare based on hydrothermal time. Results showed that direct drilling, which had the highest seed yields of winter cereal crops every season, was the unique soil management system that lowered P. aviculare populations because of effective weed emergence reduction. The model accurately described seedling emergence in different tillage systems, although it failed in direct drilling, probably due to very low numbers of emerged seedlings. To better control this weed, direct drilling may be the best tillage option, but if this cannot be implemented, the hydrothermal time model is a practical tool that can describe the relative proportions of emergence and assist in the timing for management operations of P. aviculare in different tillage systems.     

Effect of tillage intensity on weed infestation in organic farming

Conservation tillage is not yet widely accepted by organic farmers because inversion tillage is considered to be necessary for weed control. Three long-term experiments were established with combinations of reduced and conventional plough tillage and stubble tillage to determine weed infestation levels in organic farming, i.e. herbicide application being excluded. Experiment 1 (with very low stocking density of perennial weeds) showed that in presence of primary tillage by mouldboard ploughing the number of annual weeds was nearly unaffected by the mode of stubble tillage. In experiment 2, however, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) being artificially established, thistle density was significantly affected by stubble tillage and by a perennial grass–clover forage crop. Experiment 3 combined two levels of stubble tillage (skimmer plough, no stubble tillage = control) with four implements of primary tillage in the order of decreasing operation depth (deep mouldboard plough, double-layer plough, shallow mouldboard plough or chisel plough). Primary tillage by chisel plough resulted in significantly highest annual weed density compared to all other treatments. The natural C. arvense infestation in experiment 3 showed highest shoot density in the “skimmer plough/chisel plough” treatment compared to the lowest infestation in the “skimmer plough/double-layer plough” treatment. The poor capacity of the chisel plough for weed control was also reflected by the soil seed bank (5500 m⁻² C. arvense seeds for chisel plough, <300 seeds for all other primary tillage). A reduced operation depth of the mouldboard plough (“shallow mouldboard plough”) seemed to have an insufficient effect in controlling C. arvense infestation as well. Stubble tillage by the skimmer plough in addition to nearly any primary tillage operation largely reduced both annual weeds and thistle shoots. Most effective in controlling C. arvense was also a biennial grass–clover mixture as part of the crop rotation.Double-layer ploughing is a compromise between soil inversion and soil loosening/cutting and can be regarded as a step towards conservation tillage. In terms of controlling annual weeds and C. arvense, the double-layer plough was not inferior to a deep mouldboard plough and seems to be suitable for weed control in organic farming. Tilling the stubble shallowly after harvest can support weed control in organic farming remarkably, particularly in reducing C. arvense. If no noxious, perennial weeds occur and primary tillage is done by soil inversion, an omission of stubble tillage can be taken into consideration.     

中置螺旋分土开沟装置的设计与试验

针对1GQ-1.6型中置铧式犁起垄机在高稻茬黏重土壤环境中作业壅泥缠草、沟边土壤堆积、厢面土块不细碎等问题,将原有中置铧式犁设置成双翼开沟犁,并在中置双翼开沟犁后部旋耕刀轴上左右对称设置分土螺旋,以最大土壤推送量为目标,设计了分土螺旋的螺旋叶片直径、螺距及螺旋升角;基于农艺要求的沟型,设计了双翼开沟犁犁体高度、宽度,研制出由机架、双翼开沟犁、可调深度机构、中间变速箱、分土螺旋和旋耕刀辊组成的螺旋分土开沟装置。室内土槽试验结果表明,中置螺旋分土装置工作性能的各项评价指标均符合国家标准和农艺要求,其中沟深稳定性系数和厢面平整度系数分别达到94.67%、97.53%。     

中国农业科学院生物技术研究所 三期修购专项管理回顾和展望

截止2017年,中国农业科学院生物技术研究所共有2个房屋修缮类项目, 17个基础设施改造类项目, 17个仪器设备购置类项目获批。文章以生物技术研究所获批的修缮购置项目为例,概述了修缮购置项目经费投入情况、管理情况、制度建设和项目实施的成效。重点从强化人才队伍引进和培养,促进国际合作交流,加快公共实验室平台的建立3个方面进行了总结,该专项对中国农业科学院生物技术研究所科研基础条件的改善和推进科技创新能力的建设起了重要的支撑保障作用。     

庐山居民下迁后牯岭街地区更新改造研究

为了保护世界文化景观遗产庐山,江西省九江市政府及庐山风景名胜区管理局决定将山上居民分批迁下山。居民下迁后．庐山面临着一系列的旧域更新改造问题,对庐山牯岭街更新改造规划设计进行了详细阐述。     

低效葡萄园改造更新技术

分析了低效葡萄园的特点及形成原因,提出可采取增株加行、压蔓更新、架式改造、树形改造、嫁接改良新品种等措施来进行低效葡萄园的改造更新。     

地下水对土壤耕层的污染特性研究

通过模拟不同水位、污染度的地下水在不同质地土壤耕层中的迁移，进行了地下水中盐分和重金属对土壤耕层污染规律的研究。结果表明，不同水位、不同质地土壤中，污染地下水在土壤中EC值的垂直分布规律相似，土壤底层和表层EC值较高。轻质土耕层内EC值变幅较大；水位越高，耕层中EC值总体越小。地下水中Na和SO4^2-在土壤耕层中的分布以表层浓度较高，其他层上浓度较低。Cr^6 在土壤表层分布浓度较高，Hg^2 在近地表层浓度较高，而Pb^2 在土层上的分布没有明显的规律。对单一离子来说，随着地下水污染度的增加，在某一土层上该离子的浓度也有所增大。     

耕地质量对耕地生产力的影响

耕地作为植物生长的载体,是重要的农业生产资料.随着社会进程的不断推进,耕地质量的重要性日益凸显.提升耕地质量对增强耕地生产力,保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义.本研究在总结前人研究的基础上,对耕地质量的内涵进行了归纳总结,即耕地质量可概括为耕地环境、耕地土壤属性、耕地管理水平等因素共同作用下所呈现出来的耕地综合产出能力.耕...     

虚拟犁体曲面的性能分析

以LEMLON犁体曲面为基础,在Pro/E中分析了犁体曲面的基本性能,指出其存在的问题;然后,在An-sys上对梨体曲面进行有限元分析,找出了犁体曲面在设计中的薄弱环节,从而为犁体曲面的优化设计提供了有利的支撑。