Utilization of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the impact of earthworms on soil and carbon erosion in steep slope ecosystem: A study case in Northern Vietnam

This work focuses on a new approach to quantify the effects of above-ground earthworm's activity on soil erosion in steep slope ecosystems such as in Northern Vietnam. In these areas and in many others in the world, soil erosion becomes a major issue while the factors that determine it are still misunderstood. Earthworm's activity is believed to influence soil erosion rate, but we are still unable to precisely quantify their contribution to soil erosion. In this study, we used Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the proportion of soil aggregate in eroded soil coming from earthworm activity. This was done by generating NIRS signatures corresponding to different soil surface aggregates (above-ground soil casts produced by earthworms vs. surrounding topsoil).     

Effects of dune stabilization on the plant diversity of interdune wetlands in northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Maintaining species richness and conserving endemic or rare species in dune areas has been a research focus in recent years. However, few reports can be found on how dune stabilization affects species composition in the interdune wetland. This paper is to elucidate how dune stabilization in the northeastern Inner Mongolia of China is linked to plant diversity in the interdune wetland of different sizes. We selected 11 interdune wetlands of different sizes in both stabilized and active dunes, respectively. The change in species richness between the active and stabilized dunes was compared. Total species number in the interdune wetland increased logarithmically with the enlargement of wetland area for both stabilized and active dunes. However, when the area was the same, species number in stabilized dunes was 15 more than that in active dunes. Pioneer species number in interdune wetlands increased with the increase in wetland area for both stabilized and active dunes, but not statistically significant. However, when the area was the same, species number in stabilized dunes was slightly 1 fewer than that in active dunes. Artemisia wudanica, an endemic pioneering dune semishrub, was found in 9 of 11 investigated interdune wetlands of active dunes, but did not occur in 11 investigated interdune wetlands of stabilized dunes. We concluded dune stabilization in the northeastern Inner Mongolia, on one hand, raises species richness, and on the other, leads to the loss of endemic or rare pioneer species in interdune wetlands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同污泥施用量条件下赤红壤坡地水土流失特征的研究

研究了人工模拟降雨条件下不同污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地上水土流失特征的影响。结果表明:污泥撒施后的前期(1d和18d)径流中,各施用量处理的径流颗粒物浓度及流失量均达到峰值,撒施60t/hm2对应峰值分别为4517.0mg/L和79.3g/m2,为撒施120t/hm2对应峰值的83.8%和96.7%,此后撒施60t/hm2径流颗粒物浓度和流失量不同程度高出撒施120t/hm2处理,是同期对应值1.1～4.1倍。模拟试验期内,撒施60t/hm2径流量是撒施120t/hm2同期指标的1.2～2.3倍,撒施污泥用量越低,径流累积产生量和颗粒相(颗粒物和悬浮物)累积流失量越高,但污泥用量对穴施上述指标并无明显影响。     

酒糟型生物有机肥初始酵解条件对氮素损失的影响

试验应用二次通用回归旋转组合设计四因素（1/2实施）方案,研究酒糟型生物有机肥堆制初始条件对氮素损失率的影响,以期为有效控制氮素损失提供理论依据。结果表明,各因素对氮素损失率的影响大小顺序是: pH值>接种量>秸糟比>含水量; 当pH值、接种量的编码值为-1.68,含水量、秸糟比的编码值为1.68时,氮素损失率最小,为8.4164%。四个因子间存在着交互作用,且作用方向是正向的,其中pH值与含水量、接种量与秸糟比间的交互作用不显著。在本试验条件下,控制氮素损失率的最优方案是: pH值6.3980～6.4186、接种量0.3991%～0.4031%、含水量64.7014%～64.8285%、秸糟比40.9326%～41.0956%。     

Future habitat loss and the conservation of plant biodiversity

Rapid land-use and climate changes are projected to cause broad-scale global land-cover transformation that will increase species extinction rates. We assessed the exposure of globally threatened plant biodiversity to future habitat loss over the first half of this century by testing country-level associations between threatened plant species richness and future habitat loss owing to land-use and climate changes, separately. In countries overlapping Biodiversity Hotspots, plant species endangerment increases with climate change-driven habitat loss. This association suggests that many currently threatened plant species will become extinct owing to anthropogenic climate change in the absence of potentially mitigating factors such as natural and assisted range shift, and physiological and genetic adaptations. Countries rich in threatened species, which are also projected to have relatively high total future habitat loss, are concentrated around the equator. Because poverty and poor governance can compromise conservation, we considered the economic condition and quality of governance with the degree of plant species endangerment and future habitat loss to prioritize countries based on conservation need. We identified Angola, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Tanzania as the countries in greatest need of conservation assistance. For conservation endeavors to be effective, the conservation capacity of these high-need countries needs to be improved by assisting political stability and economic sustainability. We make policy recommendations that aim to mitigate climate change, promote plant species conservation, and improve the economic conditions and quality of governance in countries with high conservation need.     

Evolution of Xanthomonas Gene Content: Gene Gain/Loss History and Species Divergence

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays key roles in the evolution of pathogenetic bacteria,especially in pathogenetic associated genes.In this study,the evolutionary dynamics of Xanthomonas at species l...     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病对水稻产量损失及测报因子的初步研究

南方水稻黑条矮缩病是近年来在我国南方稻区新发生的一种重要病毒性病害.本文通过测定水稻品种‘T优272'上该病不同发病程度所对应的产量损失,分别建立了以病丛率、病株率与产量损失率之间的线性回归方程y=1.0270x1-1.363 4(R=0.999 6)、y=1.050 9x2-0.450 8(R=0.999 2).依据回归方程及南方稻区水稻生产实际情况,南方水稻黑条矮缩病在中稻上经济允许水平与成灾水平因子是病丛率4.79％与30.54％或病株率3.81％与28.98％,晚稻上经济允许水平与成灾水平因子分别是病丛率5.06％与30.54％或病株率4.08％与28.98％,中晚稻的绝收水平因子是病丛率79.22％或病株率76.55％.     

塔里木河上、中、下游胡杨种群高度结构特征

在塔里木河上游沙雅县塔里木乡、中游轮台县轮南镇、下游尉犁县34团胡杨林自然保护区内设置52500m2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,分析了不同生境胡杨种群的高度结构、高度级间失稳率等。结果表明:不同研究区胡杨种群结构差异明显,上游沙雅县胡杨种群高度结构呈倒J型,幼龄>中龄>近熟龄>成熟龄,幼苗储备丰富,各龄级高度数量分布均匀,为稳定增长种群。轮南镇胡杨种群高度结构呈倒J型,幼龄>中龄>近熟龄>成熟龄,幼龄和中龄数量储备丰富,各龄级高度数量分布差异大,在水分条件好时为快速增长型种群。34团胡杨种群高度结构呈现下窄上宽的倒金字塔型,成熟龄高度级缺失,近熟龄高度级数量稀少,幼龄级高度数量稀少,整个胡杨种群处于衰退期。不同研究区的失稳率反映的种群的动态与高度级密度曲线反映的一致。     

高温热处理对西南桦材色的影响

以失重率作为木材高温处理的强度损失因子,研究热处理对西南桦材色的影响,并对失重率与材色变化进行关联分析。结果表明:西南桦木材的明度、色差随处理温度的上升和处理时间的延长而下降、增加,红绿度和黄蓝度变化规律不明显;失重率随处理温度的上升和处理时间的延长而增加,以其为处理强度损失因子对明度变化和处理前后试材色差具有良好的指示性。     

关于会计核算几个问题的探讨

本文把简化的帐户结构从传统的单一丁字型发展为丁字型、工字型和干字型三种形式，使人们对帐户结构和登帐过程有个更直观深刻的认识；对应交增值税设置９个专栏登记的借贷原理从新角度进行了分析；对应交增值税明细帐和待处理财产损溢明细帐的格式提出了简化处理的建议。