南方锈病在鲜食玉米上的发生动态及其发生程度与产量的相关性

采用田间调查的方法分析南方锈病在广州鲜食玉米产区的发生动态,并以鲜食玉米籽粒百粒重作为重要指标分析南方锈病为害程度与鲜食玉米产量性状的相关性。结果显示,在鲜食玉米生长期南方锈病可全年发生,并在7月和11月形成两个发病高峰;南方锈病为害可显著降低鲜食玉米百粒重,回归分析表明,鲜食玉米百粒重与南方锈病为害严重度呈显著负相关,回归方程为y=-0.031x+31.924,当南方锈病为害严重度每升高10%,则鲜食玉米籽粒百粒重将减少约0.3g。     

Alternaria alternata in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Acala: Effects on gas exchange,yield components and yield accumulation

The effect ofAlternaria alternata on gas exchange proceses, on total yield and on yield components in cottonGossypium hirsutum cv. Acala SJ-2, was examined under field conditions. Variations in disease severity levels were achieved by using three fungicide treatments (Fentin Acetate). Disease developed more rapidly on the upper canopy layer (>661 cm height) than on lower ones. Infections were not accompanied by leaf shedding. The main effect of the disease was a reduction on bolls' number. A significant increase in seedcotton and lint yield, as compared to the untreated control, was achieved by applying fungicides. It was found that omitting early and late applications was not followed by significant yield reduction. Alternaria leaf spot reduced photosynthetic rate more and transpiration rate less, than could be explained by the extent of infected leaf area alone.Samenvatting Het effect vanAlternaria alternata op fotosynthese en transpiratie, opbrengstcomponenten en totale opbrengst bij katoen (Gossypium hirsutum L.) werd onderzocht onder veldomstandigheden. Verschillen in aantastingsniveaus werden verkregen door fungicide (fentin acetaat) behandelingen. De ziekte ontwikkelde zich het snelst boven in het gewas (> 60 cm). Infectie ging niet gepaard met bladval. Het belangrijkste effect van de ziekte vormde een afname van het aantal vruchtdozen (bolls). Een significante toename van zaadkatoen (seedcottton) en van vezels (lint) ten opzichte van de onbehandelde controle werd verkregen door toediening van fungiciden. Achterwege laten van vroege en late bestrijdingen had geen significante opbrenstverlaging tot gevolg.A. alternata verlaagde de fotosynthesesnelheid meer en de transpiratiesnelheid minder dan verklaard kon worden uit de geïnfecteerde oppervlakte van het blad.     

低水平镉暴露对破骨细胞分化的影响

为研究低水平镉(Cd)暴露对破骨细胞(osteoclast,OC)分化的影响,试验以RAW264.7细胞(单核巨噬细胞系)为材料,在巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)和核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)存在的条件下,用不同浓度Cd处理4 d;利用CCK-8法检测破骨细胞及其前体细胞活性变化,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色试验观察破骨细胞生成,激光共聚焦显微镜观察破骨细胞形态变化,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)技术和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测破骨细胞标志性蛋白及其mRNA水平。结果显示,随着Cd浓度升高,细胞活力受到明显的抑制(P<0.01),并呈浓度-效应关系;与对照组相比,破骨细胞产生的数目和面积均显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);2、5μmol·L^-1 Cd处理组破骨细胞封闭带的形成均受到抑制;2和5μmol·L^-1 Cd处理组破骨细胞特异性蛋白及其mRNA表达量均显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),并呈剂量依赖性。结果表明,低微摩尔水平镉暴露能够抑制破骨细胞的分化。     

Interaction of food resources and landscape structure in determining the probability of patch use by carnivores in fragmented landscapes

Studies on the distribution of mammalian carnivores in fragmented landscapes have focused mainly on structural aspects such as patch and landscape features; similarly, habitat connectivity is usually associated with landscape structure. The influence of food resources on carnivore patch use and the important effect on habitat connectivity have been overlooked. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relative importance of food resources on patch use patterns and to test if food availability can overcome structural constraints on patch use. We carried out a patch-use survey of two carnivores: the beech marten (Martes foina) and the badger (Meles meles) in a sample of 39 woodland patches in a fragmented landscape in central Italy. We used the logistic model to investigate the relative effects on carnivore distribution of patch, patch neighbourhood and landscape scale variables as well as the relative abundance of food resources. Our results show how carnivore movements in fragmented landscapes are determined not only by patch/landscape structure but also by the relative abundance of food resources. The important take-home message of our research is that, within certain structural limits (e.g. within certain limits of patch isolation), by modifying the relative amount of resources and their distribution, it is possible to increase suitability in smaller/relatively isolated patches. Conversely, however, there are certain thresholds above which an increase in resources will not achieve high probability of presence. Our findings have important and generalizable consequences for highly fragmented landscapes in areas where it may not be possible to increase patch sizes and/or reduce isolation so, for instance, forest regimes that will increase resource availability could be implemented. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Temporal change in fragmentation of continental US forests

Changes in forest ecosystem function and condition arise from changes in forest fragmentation. Previous studies estimated forest fragmentation for the continental United States (US). In this study, new temporal land-cover data from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) were used to estimate changes in forest fragmentation at multiple scales for the continental US. Early and late dates for the land-cover change data were ca. 1992 and ca. 2001. Forest density was used as a multi-scale index of fragmentation by measuring the proportion of forest in neighborhoods ranging in size from 2.25 to 5314.41 ha. The multi-scale forest density maps were classified using thresholds of 40% (patch), 60% (dominant), and 90% (interior) to analyze temporal change of fragmentation. The loss of dominant and interior forest showed distinct scale effects, whereas loss of patch forest was much less scale-dependent. Dominant forest loss doubled from the smallest to the largest spatial scale, while interior forest loss increased by approximately 80% from the smallest to the second largest spatial scale, then decreased somewhat. At the largest spatial scale, losses of dominant and interior forest were 5 and 10%, respectively, of their ca. 1992 amounts. In contrast, patch forest loss increased by only 25% from the smallest to largest spatial scale. These results indicate that continental US forests were sensitive to forest loss because of their already fragmented state. Forest loss would have had to occur in an unlikely spatial pattern in order to avoid the proportionately greater impact on dominant and interior forest at larger spatial scales.     

基于PSY的仔猪繁育环节经济损失系数的估算

目前中国母猪年生产力（PSY）水平与同期发达国家相比偏低,主要表现为仔猪断奶前死亡率高,对养猪业造成较大损失。为了解中国仔猪在繁育环节的经济损失情况,基于1980~2016年中国PSY数据,总结中国近37年PSY的波动趋势及原因,对仔猪繁育环节死亡仔猪带来的乳汁及教槽料损失进行估算。估算结果为：中国仔猪繁育环节乳汁的损失系数为3.47%~3.50%,2015年损失乳汁56.17万~77.71万t;教槽料损失系数为1.63%,2015年损失教槽料4.80万t。中国仔猪繁育环节的损失系数远高于发达国家,其中乳汁与教槽料损失系数均是PSY最高的丹麦的1.59倍,均是损失系数最低的爱尔兰的2倍多。仔猪繁育环节的损失系数与仔猪断奶前死亡率有关,教槽料的损失系数由于不同生猪养殖场饲养方式不同存在较大差异,所以,要提高养殖场管理水平,尤其要加强断奶前仔猪的保育,减少死亡率。     

对转压气机三维掠动叶优化设计

为探索三维掠动叶降低对转压气机二次流损失的潜力,进一步提高对转压气机气动性能,基于近似函数与遗传算法,针对某对转压气机双排转子在整机环境下进行三维掠动叶优化设计,并对优化前后流场进行对比分析。优化成功的得到了双排“S”形掠动叶,结果表明:三维掠动叶有效改善了双排动叶吸力面径向二次流,减小了吸力面低速区,提高了对转压气机性能,优化工况点整机效率提高0.6%,全工况范围内效率均有所提高；三维掠动叶提高对转压气机效率的根本原因是其对径向负荷分配的重新调整,将叶展下方流动较差区域负荷移至叶展上方,改善流场的同时保证对转压气机负荷不变。      

Foliar Sprays and Disulfoton Granules for the Control of Aphis gossypii on Okra

Abstract

Monocrotophos, omethoate, formothion, methomyl, pirimicarb and phosphamidon applied as foliar sprays were the most effective of insecticides evaluated in field trials for the control of Aphis gossypii Glov. on okra. Three applications were required to control infestations on plants sown during October to February. Disulfoton granules applied to the soil at sowing remained active for a long period, the duration depending on the method and rate of application. A dosage of 0.1 g a.i./plant hole was effective throughout the season. Residues of disulfoton and its metabolites in the harvested crop were negligible. Using such methods of aphid control, okra yields were increased by 97–119%.     

Effects of Pressure on Bubble Size and Separation of BSA by a Semi-batch Foaming Process

Experiments were conducted to obtain the values of the Sauter bubble size, enrichment and recovery of bovine serum albumin （BSA） in a semi-batch col- umn fitted with a stainless steel sparger at elevated pressure. The effects of Sur- face tension, surfactant concentration, foam/solution height ratio and air flow rate on the separation performance were investigated, and the results showed that good en- richments and recoveries can be achieved for bovine serum albumin operated at el- evated pressures. Especially the size of bubbles generated by the stainless steel sparger was smaller at higher pressures which is favorable to the foam separation process. Furthermore, the separation mechanism of bovine serum albumin operated at elevated pressure was also discussed.     

无卡轴旋切机液压系统设计初探

简要介绍了无卡轴旋切机的组成及其工作原理，探讨了液压系统参数的变化规律及其对旋切单板质量的影响。