低压滴灌小孔出流孔前压力变化研究

为了研究低压滴灌毛管压力变化规律,本试验对Φ16孔口式滴灌管在不同的入口水头（0.5-2.0 m）和不同管道铺设长度（20、406、0 m）状态下沿程压力进行了测定。结果表明,运用规范中给定的计算结果与试验测试结果进行比较,相差较大,规范中的沿程水头损失计算公式不能满足孔口式滴灌管在低压条件下的损失。在管道长度为20 m和40 m,工作水头为0.5 m时,试验测试水头损失约为规范公式计算结果的30倍多,但随着入口工作水头的增加,两者之间的比值有趋于减少的趋势。同时,Excel软件的拟合表明,低压滴灌孔口式出流沿程压力分布符合以入口水头为基本参数的指数函数关系,并给定了相关参数的经验取值范围,其中水头损失修正系数k=1.004-1.0183;指数修正系数θ的取值为0.004到0.021。     

Study on regulation of potassium loss and its balance characteristics from typical paddy soils in Dongting Lake area

Potassium loss due to runoff and leaching, crop uptake, and K-fertilizer input, irrigation and wet deposition was studied, subsequently potassium balance characteristics was analyzed using lysimeter modeled two typical paddy soils from double rice field in Dongting Lake area. K losses due to runoff and leaching in Alluvial Sandy Loamy Paddy Soil （ASL） with lower cation exchange content （CEC） and clayey granule content were increased significantly compared with those in Reddish Yellow Loamy Paddy Soil （RYL） with higher CEC and clayey granule content. Compared with RYL, lower economic and biological yield due to lower capacity of nutrient and water keeping in ASL resulted in lower K uptake. So potassium deficit in double rice field of RYL was more serious than that of ASL because main K proportion was accounted by crop uptake. Available K in soil of surface layer （0-15 cm） was decreased significantly due to long term nutrient management of K deficit in double rice field. The straw return paddy field was suggested as an effective way to increase soil K and balance K deficit in double rice field because large amount of potassium was enriched in rice straw at harvest.     

臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用与产量的影响

采用开顶式气室(OTC),对水稻"3694繁"(Oryza sativa L.3694 Fan)进行田间原位臭氧(O_3)熏气实验,研究了不同O_3浓度熏气处理下水稻光合色素、气体交换参数以及产量的响应.实验设置分4个水平:过滤大气组(CF,10 nL·L~(-1))、自然大气组(NF,40nL·L~(-1))和两个不同浓度的O_3处理组(01:100 nL·L~(-1);02:150 nL·L~(-1)).结果表明:(1)与CF组相比,两个不同浓度的O_3处理均导致水稻叶片光合色素含量大幅度下降,加速水稻的衰老过程;(2)在实验进程中,O_3处理导致水稻叶片气体交换参数发生显著变化,饱和CO:浓度的净光合速率(P_(sat))、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)和羧化效率(CE)均呈现下降趋势,表明O,浓度的升高使水稻光合作用对CO_2的利用效率降低,水稻在灌浆期对O_3最为敏感;(3)O_3处理使水稻产量损失明显,当AOT40值达到2.32uL·L~(-1)·h时,就能导致水稻产量10%的减产.     

紫色泥页岩的侵蚀产沙特点及影响因素分析

紫色泥页岩区是长江上游泥沙的一个重要来源。论述了遂宁组紫色土的侵蚀和泥沙形成流失的特点。并分析了解家湾小流域紫色土的侵蚀、泥沙形成输沙以及紫色土可蚀性等的影响因素。研究结果对川中紫色土丘陵区生态环境建设有重要参考意义。     

茂名小良水土流失的灰色预测

运用灰色系统理论对水土流失的影响进行了灰色预测,建立小良水土流失的预测模型,旨在为小良的水土流失的治理提供科学依据,促进小良的可持续发展。     

Land degradation assessment by farmers in Bolivian mountain valleys

A methodology is presented for assessing the seriousness and impact of land degradation, from a historical and a farmer perspective, in regions where data are not available. Farmers have been directly involved in the assessment of soil, productivity and vegetation cover loss over the past decades, both on cropland and on rangeland. The results for the Bolivian mountain valleys in north Chuquisaca show that the intensive use of small cropland fields has increased soil degradation and consequently led to less water and nutrient availability. Due to the subsequent productivity loss many cropland fields have been abandoned. Rangeland is also severely degraded as a result of the excessive removal of vegetation and subsequent soil loss. Farmers are very concerned, but consider the impact of changed rainfall and less available cropland beyond their control. Consequently, no serious initiatives are taken to solve the land degradation problem. This research adduces evidence of increased land degradation in the Bolivian mountain valleys over recent decades, and stresses the need for urgent (integrated) action with regard to soil and water conservation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

堆肥过程中氮素损失的控制

概述了影响堆肥过程中氮素损失的因素,并总结了目前国内外关于堆肥氮素损失控制的方法,其中包括添加化学物质、调节堆料的C/N、加入微生物固氮、利用吸附性物质,以期为堆肥过程中有效地控制氮素损失提供理论基础和实践参考。     

水土流失与植被保护

本文论述了全国和内蒙古水土流失的情况及其危害,引起水土流失的原因及植被的作用,以及保护植被应采取的措施。     

地震与泥石流活动

地震激发泥石流的形成与活动,一方面造成严重的水土流失,同时,给人类造成巨大灾害.研究地震对泥石流的形成、活动及预报是极为重要的.     

不同干燥方法对鸭茅营养成分及其损失的影响

研究干燥方法对鸭茅(不同生育阶段)营养成分及其损失量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着生育期的推进,粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐增加,而水溶性碳水化合物含量开始不断增加,开花期最高,结实期又迅速减少;干燥方法对水溶性碳水化合物含量的影响极其显著(P<0.01),其含量的顺序为:烘干>晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。(2)干燥方法与营养物质的损失量间差异显著(P<0.05),其损失量的顺序为晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。不同干燥方法的水溶性碳水化合物损失量与干物质、粗灰分、无氮浸出物损失量之间呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8798、0.6404和0.6568。