Suppression of Botryosphaeria canker of apple by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Stem brown canker or Botryosphaeria canker disease impairs the growth and kills the shoots, limbs and even trunks of infected apple trees. Apple roots are usually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which may have a positive influence on plant growth and suppression of diseases. In order to assess the efficacy of AM to suppress the disease severity and plant growth enhancement, nine AMF inoculation treatments (Sclerocystis dussi, Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. bagyaraji, G. leptotichum, G. monosporum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed AM culture and a non-mycorrhizal control treatment) were used in this present study. Two-year-old potted apple plants, maintained under glasshouse conditions, were either pre-inoculated with AMF followed by stem inoculation with Botryosphaeria ribis or simultaneously inoculated with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM. The results indicated that the incidence of canker was less severe in plants inoculated with AMF in comparison to non-mycorrhizal control. Timing of inoculation also had a significant effect on disease development and plant survival. Plants pre-inoculated with mycorrhiza performed better over those inoculated simultaneously with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM fungi. Furthermore, AM inoculation resulted in improved survival and growth of AMF-colonized plants; though, it varied by species of AM fungi utilized.     

棉铃虫抗药性监测及其化学防治

1997～1998年,用浸叶接虫法测定了山西省南部棉区永济县棉铃虫对常用5种农药的抗药性,同时进行了多种农药防治棉铃虫田间药效试验研究。结果表明,永济县棉铃虫对氯氰菊酯已产生了高等水平的抗药性,对久效磷产生了中等水平的抗药性,但对灭多威仍未产生明显的抗药性。水胺硫磷、甲基对硫磷、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、丙·辛乳油和甲对·氯乳油等农药防治永济县二代棉铃虫效果较好     

专家PID控制器在农用无刷直流电机控制系统中的应用

近年来,无刷直流电机在农业机械控制方面的应用越来越广泛。为了满足无刷直流电机应用在农业机械时转速能够迅速达到稳定状态,提出了一种基于专家PID的控制方法。试验结果表明,专家PID有效解决超调量,稳态误差和响应时间问题,明显优越于普通增量式PID,应用于农用电机具有良好的控制效果。     

棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制及其防病促生作用研究

探究棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制、盆栽防治效果及其促生作用,为筛选用于草莓炭疽病绿色防控的高效生防菌提供资源及应用技术。采用平皿培养法、显微镜观察法和盆栽灌根法测定了棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制、盆栽防效及其对草莓幼苗的促生效果。结果显示,棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽菌LC0220具有较强的竞争、抗生和重寄生作用,菌株GYSW-6m1能迅速占领营养空间,对峙培养3、5和7 d对病菌LC0220抑制率分别为68.06%、71.03%和79.03%,病菌LC0220在含有菌株GYSW-6m1发酵代谢产物平板上培养3、5和7 d抑菌率分别为79.18%、75.81%和76.13%,菌株GYSW-6m1挥发代谢物对病菌LC0220菌丝生长几乎没有抑制作用,菌株GYSW-6m1菌丝可通过接触、缠绕和穿透病菌LC0220的菌丝并引起菌丝消解断裂。菌株GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病具有较好的盆栽防治效果,处理LC0220+GYSW-6m1防效最显著,防效高达87.23%,处理GYSW-6m1（3 d）+LC0220和LC0220（3 d）+GYSW-6m1防效分别为52.72%和44.76%。棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓幼苗具有明显的促生效果,株高、根长、植株总鲜重和植株总干重均显著增加,促生率分别为7.96%、10.42%、22.54%和34.21%。棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1可以作为一种重要的生防资源用于草莓炭疽病的防治,具有一定的实用开发潜力。     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.     

白脊飞虱研究初报

白脊飞虱是滇西北丽江自20世纪90年代以来发现的重要害虫,不仅直接危害玉米、小麦和大麦,而且是玉米粗缩病的主要传毒介体。国内对白脊飞虱的研究甚少。主要就滇西北丽江白脊飞虱田间消长规律、主要习性,白脊飞虱与玉米粗缩病的关系等进行初步探讨,并提出白脊飞虱的防治对策。     

粗狭肋鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

粗狭肋鳃金龟（Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske）是蓝莓主要害虫,以幼虫在地下啃食根系为害。为掌握该虫在麻江的发生特点,探讨有效的综合防控措施,采用定期定点调查及室内饲养相结合的方法,对该虫的生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明：粗狭肋鳃金龟在贵州省黔东南州麻江县1年发生1代,以蛹越冬;翌年3月下旬至6月下旬成虫羽化出土,5月上旬开始产卵,5月下旬幼虫孵化,12月上旬老熟幼虫开始作蛹室化蛹并在土中越冬。成虫于每晚6点至10点集中出土并转移至壳斗科植物上进行取食或生殖活动,出土高峰期为4月下旬至6月上旬,寿命22.50-24.40 d;晚上20:00-21:00为成虫交配高峰期,交配后4-7天开始产卵,卵期10-20 d,产卵高峰期为6月,单雌产卵量30-50粒,散产;7月为幼虫孵化盛期,幼虫共3龄,历期219-252 d。此外,提出了黑光灯诱杀、人工采虫、冬季深耕翻土等有效的防治方法。     

山西菜田捕食性食蚜蝇优势种及其对菜蚜的控制效果

对山西菜田捕食性食蚜蝇优势种及对菜蚜的控制效果进行了研究，菜田常见捕食性食蚜蝇有黑带食蚜蝇，大灰食蚜蝇，斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇，野食蚜蝇，四条小食蚜蝇，短翅细腹食蚜蝇6种，以黑带食蚜蝇种群数量最大，平均占全年发生总量的36.3%，通过对食蚜蝇产卵量，卵化率，幼虫期捕食量和羽化率测试，筛选出的黑带食蚜蝇，大灰食蚜蝇，斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇幼虫对菜蚜均有较强的捕食能力，其中黑带食蚜蝇为山西菜田菜蚜捕食性食蚜蝇优势种，用黑带食蚜蝇三龄幼虫对菜蚜进行防治试验，结果以1：180防效最佳，72h后控制效果达93.5%。     

除草剂阿特拉津的生态风险分析与污染治理

阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了近40年,其对环境与人体健康的威胁逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。文章综述了近十年来国内外关于阿特拉津对环境的风险评价,着重论述阿特拉津对生物的危害性,并提出缓解与修复阿特拉津污染的一些治理措施。