郑州市周边地区蔬菜种植基地的环境质量评价

对郑州市周边地区蔬菜种植基地的环境质量进行了调查分析,在调查的基础上对该地区的环境进行了评价。     

圆田螺保护酶分子在大运河污染评价中的应用

[目的]研究以中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)保护酶作为京杭大运河不同污染程度环境监测的可行性。[方法]通过测定螺内脏团中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,比较室内模拟法、样点笼内放养法和直接采样法测定保护酶分子标志物活性评价大运河污染方法的优劣。[结果]中华圆田螺组织抗氧化保护酶系统的SOD、POD、CAT活性是指示污染的敏感指标。CAT活性在污染环境中被抑制,且在临界范围内随着污染毒性作用的加强,抑制作用也加强。POD活性在污染环境中被激活,但各时间段的增幅变化却不尽相同。SOD的变化不稳定,它在30 d暴露后的降低表明其较适合作为短时间的检测指标。[结论]中华圆田螺保护酶作为京杭大运河不同污染程度环境监测的分子标志物是可行的,样点笼内放养测定保护酶分子标志物活性评价法最优,直接采样测定保护酶活性法不可取。     

草莓组织培养的研究概述

组织培养技术是解决植株快速繁殖的常用技术之一,目前我国草莓组织培养技术主要有茎段、叶片、叶柄、花药组织培养等方法,本文重点对草莓的组织培养方法进行了叙述,并对褐化、污染和玻璃化现象的原因及解决方法进行了分析。     

茶树生态系中的立体污染链与阻控

 运用农业立体污染的新概念，针对茶树和茶叶本身的特点，剖析了来自土壤、水源、空气中性质各异的污染物，包括农药残留、铅、氟、铝、硝酸盐、多环芳烃（PAHs）、多氯代二苯并二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/PCDF）等，在水-土、土-气、土-植物等不同相或界面间的相互交换和迁移特性。论述了茶园生态系中的立体污染链以及污染物对不同界面的偏嗜性和界面间转移的时空特征，分析了中国茶叶生产中的立体污染问题。在对茶叶中几种污染物安全性风险评价的基础上，从清洁化生产角度，讨论了不同界面间污染源的控制和污染链防阻技术和应用，探讨了未来创新研究的重点领域。     

沈阳城市土壤Pb的污染状况及其化学形态研究

研究了沈阳市城市土壤Pb的含量及其化学形态分布,结果表明:沈阳市土壤全Pb平均含量为106.41 mg/kg,变幅为5.65~279.81 mg/kg,各个土地利用类型Pb含量都超过了沈阳市土壤背景值,土壤Pb污染严重。土壤Pb各形态比例为残渣态>有机结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态。各土地利用类型Pb的活性不大。     

农产品质量安全问题与对策

从目前我国农产品的污染问题入手,分析了造成农产品污染的原因,讨论了开展农产品质量安全评估的必要性,提出了实现农产品质量安全的对策。     

养鸡场循环经济的基本模式和主要问题及对策

近几年来,人们对养鸡场的污染治理—循环经济模式进行了不少的研究,但归纳起来,主要是肥料化、饲料化和沼气化3种模式。该文主要对这3种模式进行阐述,并就这3种模式存在的主要问题及其对策进行了探讨。     

用生态经济型植物控制豚草的"绿色污染"

豚草是一种严重危害农业生产、人体健康和生物环境的恶性杂草,是一种典型的“绿色污染”。根据群落演替规律,采用具有生态和经济功能的树种创造不利豚草生长的环境,人为创建多物种和谐共存的植物群落,能降低豚草的种群优势,使单一种群优势转变为良性演替的生态系统。     

Historical change of soil Pb content and Pb isotope signatures of the cultural layers in urban Nanjing

Soils in urban areas are often artificially formed and preserved as cultural layers in which soil materials are mixed with artifacts. The vertical change of soil properties denotes the historical change of human activities, and therefore, urban soil can be considered as a record of history of urban development. We studied a deep profile of urban soil (600 cm) in Nanjing, China, by intensively sampling at every 5 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Charcoal from several layers was found and was dated using ¹⁴C to recognize archaeological cultural layers that might be formed in different Chinese dynasties. Pb isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technology. The study found that artificial deposition, i.e., the formation of cultural layer started about 1700 years ago and lasted until recently. All cultural layers above the original loess were heavily contaminated by Pb with total content varying from 100 mg kg^− 1 to more than 2000 mg kg^− 1. There were several historical periods in which Pb content peaked, indicating significant contamination by human activities, such as ancient ore smelting for various purposes and use of Pb-containing materials for handicraft manufacture. Various Pb isotope ratios of the cultural layers differed substantially from that of the original undisturbed loess in the deepest position. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb value decreased gradually from the bottom layer to top layer, although with occasional exceptions, indicating a long-lasting mixing of extraneous sources of Pb during the entire history since ca. 300 A.D. In comparison with the isotope ratios of lead ores of different sources and that of aerosols, it was illustrated that the source of Pb in cultural layers might come from lead ores of southern China in the earlier dynasties, while Pb from north China might have contributed to the Pb source in the more recent years, suggested by the lowering of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the near-surface cultural layers. However, the impact of petrol burning on cultural layers was basically excluded, considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area.     

深圳市宝安区主要蔬菜生产基地土壤重金属污染调查及评价

对深圳市宝安区30个主要蔬菜生产基地的土壤进行重金属污染调查,选取Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cd和As共7个指标,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明：30个样点土壤中,21个样点为1级土壤;5个样点为2级土壤;4个样点土壤受到轻度污染,为3级土壤。2级土壤和3级土壤由Pb、Hg、Cd和As造成的污染比重依次为56％、33％、22％和11％。30个监测点的土壤均没有受到Zn、Cu和Cr污染。