Soil conservation policy measures to control wind erosion in northwestern Europe

Wind erosion is not as significant or a widespread problem in Europe as in dryer parts of the world, but it can cause major damage in small areas. The hazard is greatest in the lowlands of northwestern Europe with more than 3 million ha at high-potential wind erosion risk. Crop damage and off-site damage have prompted farmers and policymakers to pay more attention to wind erosion control. A great variety of measures have been developed in the last decades. Most farmers, however, only use measures to protect their high value crops. In existing policies, little attention is paid to the off-site effects and long-term effects of wind erosion. There are no direct policy measures at a European level to control soil erosion, and few measures exist in individual Member States. Agricultural or environmental EC policies offer different policy tools to approach the wind erosion problems related to agricultural practices. Tools like subsidies for the re-afforestation of arable land can help regional policy makers with the implementation of wind erosion control measures. A case study concerning the ‘Code of Good Agricultural Practice’ shows that regional differences result in different control measures that fits best given the physical, social and economic context. The formulation of the practical details of such code should therefore remain a task of the local or regional government. The main objectives of a Code of Good Agricultural Practice could be formulated at national or European level.     

推进现代农业建设背景下多功能农业发展分析

农业的多功能性是指农业在供给农产品外,还具有社会、文化、生态等功能.农业的多功能性是农业及其发展的客观属性,它最终来源于土地的多效用性,并由土地资源边际效用所决定的土地价值来衡量.开发农业的多种功能,其根本目的在于巩固和强化农业的战略地位,适应经济社会发展对农业不断提出的新需求.发挥农业多功能性是推进现代农业建设的必然选择,是实现农业可持续发展的客观要求.我国在发展多功能农业的时候,要深刻理解农业的自然性和社会性,准确把握经济社会发展对农业不断增长的需求,坚持从自然资源、生态环境和现实国情出发,统筹兼顾,因地制宜,不断巩固、强化和完善农业的经济性功能和社会性功能,努力提高农业的现代化水平.     

马铃薯主粮化背景下的内蒙古马铃薯产业发展现状与对策

内蒙古是我国的马铃薯主产区之一,2015年开始推行的主粮化战略为内蒙古马铃薯产业发展带来了新的契机。该研究分析了内蒙古马铃薯产业发展现状和制约因素,提出了促进内蒙古马铃薯产业发展的政策建议:继续引导和推进马铃薯产业规模化和技术进步;培育和发展马铃薯产业组织;推进马铃薯主粮加工发展;加强马铃薯交易平台建设和品牌建设。     

坚持和落实科学发展观 努力破解农民增收难题

以科学发展观为指导,针对安徽省农民增收和农业发展中存在的资源约束等问题进行分析,提出了抓住时机,依靠政策调动、布局优化、市场带动、科技拉动,提高农民增收的稳定性和持续性,大幅度提高农民增收的对策和发展思路。     

我国发展低碳农业的政策、法规和技术体系分析

针对我国保障粮食安全和应对全球变化的双重目标,分析了我国发展低碳农业存在的主要问题,并提出了发展对策。建议基于生态农业、循环农业和生态高值农业的原则,从政策、法规和技术3个方面促进我国低碳农业的发展。发展对策主要包括:贯彻中央一号文件,制定完善的政策法律法规体系及财政补贴;立足各地农情,大力发展区域低碳农业适应性体系;推广低成本低碳农业适应性技术,发展农村低碳农业合作组织;优化低碳农业发展外部环境,提高公众低碳农业认知意识。     

Conservation policies and planning under climate change

Biodiversity conservation policies focus on securing the survival of species and habitats according to their current distribution. This basic premise may be inappropriate for halting biodiversity decline under the dynamic changes caused by climate change. This study explores a dynamic spatial conservation prioritization problem where climate change gradually changes the future habitat suitability of a site’ current species. This has implications for survival probability, as well as for species that potentially immigrate to the site. The problem is explored using a set of heuristics for both of two policy objectives focusing on (1) the protection on current (native) species, and (2) all species, including immigrating species. The trade-offs between the protection of native species versus all species is illustrated. The study shows that the development of prediction models of future species distributions as the basis of decision rules can be crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of conservation plans. Finally, it is discussed how more adaptive strategies, that allow for the redirection of resources from protected sites to privately-owned sites, may increase the effectiveness of the conservation networks. Climate change induced shifts in the suitability of habitats for species may increase the value of such adaptive strategies, the benefit decreasing with increasing migration probabilities and species distribution dynamics.     

Simulating multiple pest damage in varying winter wheat production situations

The production situation–injury profile paradigm can be used as a framework to assess the harmfulness of multiple-pest complexes in a changing agriculture. A mechanistic simulation model for wheat, WHEATPEST, was developed to incorporate drivers of (i) variable production situations and (ii) their related injury profiles. The model simulates the harmful effects of pathogens, pests, and weeds in a simple, open, generic manner. Simulation drivers were derived from published reports, in particular through a meta-analysis of highly detailed farmers’ field surveys in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Preliminary analysis of the model's performances indicates that WHEATPEST conforms with available published reports in a range of production situations and injury profiles. While improvement on some components of the model are discussed, this work points at the need for the collection of cross-disciplinary, reasonably accurate, and standardised data at a system's level, and at the usefulness of modelling tools for basic research and policy.     

农业专家系统研究进展及展望

概述了农业专家系统的国内外研究进展,指出了我国农业专家系统的未来发展方向：系统功能集成化、开发手段多媒体化和系统应用网络化。提出了现阶段农业专家系统发展的几点建议：农业专家系统的发展应有两个分支,一是开发基于模糊逻辑的实用型农业专家系统,另一分支是开发基于作物生长发育模拟模型的智能型农业专家系统;重视作物生长发育机理的基础性研究,加强农业领域专家和软件开发专家的结合,探索农业专家系统研发产业化模式。     

家庭经济禀赋、政策认知与农户宅基地流转意愿——基于江西省456份问卷调查

构建科学有效的宅基地流转机制是一个迫切需要解决的基础性课题。笔者利用江西省456户农户的实际调查数据,运用Logit回归模型研究家庭经济禀赋、政策认知对农户宅基地流转意愿的影响。研究结果表明：家庭经济禀赋中非农收入比重、家庭存款、家庭人均年收入对农户宅基地流转意愿具有显著正向影响;政策认知中“一户一宅”认知、流转规定认知程度对农户宅基地流转意愿具有显著负向影响。为此,应进一步提高农户非农就业机会,改善农民务工经商的就业环境、应加快制定“一户一宅”的配套制度,构建更加合理和更具有操作性的宅基地流转政策体系。