营养液膜技术栽培牧草净化循环流水水产养殖废水的试验

为研究植物生态净化技术集成至循环流水水产养殖系统的可行性,构建了4个(4重复)3.0m×0.5m×0.05m(长×宽×高)的植物滤器处理淡水白鲳(Colossoma brachypomum)高密度养殖废水。每个植物滤器生长0.8m2NFT(营养液膜技术)培多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)。废水每周更换一次,每次25.4L,连续运行40d。7d循环灌溉处理后,NO3--N、TN、TP、COD的去除率分别达96.1%、86.2%、90.5%、88.7%,pH从6.4升高至8.4,而水体积只消耗29.7%。除UIA由于pH升高而超标外,所有水质指标均符合渔业水质标准。牧草日增长仅2.3mm,显著低于用商品营养液培育的牧草生长速度(日增长13.2mm)。鲜草TAN和NO3--N含量分别为107.9和42.5μg.g-1,试验结束时收获鲜草582.9g.m-2,烘干后得到干草102.5g.m-2,干湿比0.176。结果表明,植物滤器能解决生物滤器引起的N、P、COD累积以及pH下降等问题,是一种环境友好的水处理方法。为使牧草良好生长,建议定期将牧草返回培育系统用商品营养液培养一段时间。     

剑麻对重金属铅的吸收特性与累积规律初探

以热带地区一种生物量极大的经济作物剑麻(AgaveSisalanaPerrineexEngelm)作为研究对象,采用网室砂培,对Pb在该植物体内的吸收特性、累积分布及迁移规律进行了初步的探索。试验表明,Pb处理浓度低于1300mg·kg-1时对剑麻生长影响较小,但Pb加入浓度达到15900mg·kg-1时,显著抑制了剑麻的生长,其生物量仅为对照的6.7%。剑麻对Pb有很强的吸收性,并分布在其植株的各个部位,其中根系的吸收性最强,是地上部的3.0～13.6倍。Pb处理浓度为12700mg·kg-1时,剑麻地上部和根系的吸收量最大,分别为2220.3和22544.8mg·kg-1,是对照的65.6和221.3倍,且地上部迁移量高达55.87mg·株-1,说明剑麻对修复Pb污染土壤有一定的潜力,因而为今后探明植物积累Pb的机理和Pb污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。     

Relationships among long'term fisheries abundances, hydrographic variables, and gross pollution indicators in northeastern U.S. estuaries

Categorical time series regression was applied to 55 fish stocks in the Potomac, Hudson, Narragansett, Delaware, and Connecticut estuaries for the period 1929–1975. Interannual variability in catch per unit effort (CPUE) was related to CPUE, hydrographic variables, and pollution variables, lagged back in time to represent the conditions contributing to the multiple ages comprising each fishery. Hydrographic variables included water temperature and flow in the estuary– and, for offshore spawning stocks, wind direction and magnitude–during the months of spawning and early life stage development. Pollution variables included measures of dissolved oxygen conditions in the estuaries, volume of material dredged, and sewage loading (or human population). Lagged CPUE, hydrographic variables, and pollution variables all played important roles in explaining historical variability in CPUE. Lagged CPUE was significant in 45 of 55 stocks generally accounting for 5–35% of the variability. Lagged hydrographic variables were significant in 53 of 55 stocks, explaining an additional 5–40% of the variability unaccounted for by lagged CPUE. Lagged pollution variables were significant in 35 of 55 stocks, generally accounting for an additional 5–30% of the variability not explained by lagged CPUE and hydrographic variables. Results did not exhibit expected patterns of consistency in the importance of lagged CPUE for a species across estuaries or consistency in the importance of pollution variables across estuaries. Results did exhibit the expected north-to-south longitudinal pattern in the importance of timing of the hydrographic variables, the months of importance being one or two months later in more northerly estuaries. Higher-order interaction effects were important in almost all stocks that were well-modeled by categorical time series regression. Of the 30 stocks with final regression models having R² > 0.55, 26 stocks involved significant interaction effects, five had only significant interaction effects (no significant main effects), and 20 stocks had significant interactions involving variables not significant as main effects. The difficulties involved in analyzing long-term trends in fish populations and partitioning variability between natural and anthropogenic sources are discussed.     

哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域环境现状及保护对策

分析了哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域的环境现状。伊犁河（Ile River）-巴尔喀什湖（Balhash Lake）、乌拉尔河（Oral River）-里海（Caspian Sea）、锡尔河（Ser River）-咸海（Aral Sea）、额尔齐斯河（Ertis River）-斋桑泊（Zai-sang Lake）均受不同程度的污染,污染物有化肥、农药、石油产物、重金属及含氮化合物、氯化物、硫酸盐,来源包括国内外两个渠道。污染物破坏渔业主要水域生境,对水生物种（鱼类）的安全造成威胁,导致了水生生物资源衰竭。国家有关管理部门应采取相应标准化管理措施,依法执行治理工作,防止国外污染物进入本国渔业水域;并通过和邻国联合对哈国渔业主要水域环境及生物资源开展保护与利用研究,确保本国主要渔业水域生态环境的可持续发展,保护与合理利用人类共有资源。     

菊花江蓠对陆基围隔高密度对虾养殖的污染净化与水质调控

采用围隔设置单养虾(S)、单养藻(A)、虾藻混养(SA)、虾鱼藻混养(SFA)4种不同养殖模式,探讨菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)对围隔高密度对虾养殖过程中产生的污染进行净化和水质调控作用。结果表明,养殖菊花江蓠的围隔水体中有更高的DO水平和较低的营养盐水平,说明对养殖水体的环境因子和营养盐都能起到很好的调控作用。水体中弧菌密度也较低,养殖环境稳定性好,使得养殖的对虾生长快,成活率高。与S相比,SA中的对虾成活率提高了32%。本实验对于采用搭配大型海藻进行养殖污染的净化与水质调控方法是可行的和有效的。     

农业面源污染的成因及控制对策

农业面源污染的主要来源有化学肥料、化学农药、畜禽粪便及养殖废弃物、没有得到综合利用的农作物秸秆、农膜地膜、生产和生活污水等。近年来,农业面源污染已成为我国农村生态环境恶化的主要原因。阐述了农业面源污染的相关概念、成因和危害,并提出了农业面源污染的防治对策及建议。     

马来眼子菜和POM稳定同位素对污染物的指示作用

为了探究大型植物马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）和颗粒有机物质（Particulate organic matter,POM）对湖泊主要污染来源的指示作用,在贡湖湾选取14个样点,采集马来眼子菜和POM样品,分析其碳、氮稳定同位素的变化。结果显示,马来眼子菜和POM有相似的δ15N值趋势,都是随着离入湖口距离越远,其δ15N值逐渐增加,马来眼子菜的δ15N值为10.8‰～14.1‰,POM的δ15N值为6.69‰～14.1‰;而马来眼子菜的δ13C值随着离入湖口距离越远有下降趋势,变化范围为-17.6‰ ~ -14.5‰;POM的δ13C值则有增加趋势,变化范围为-26.9‰ ~ -24.6‰。马来眼子菜较高的δ15N值指示了人类生活污水来源的氮,表明贡湖湾的主要污染源为生活污水。相关分析表明,水中总溶解磷（TDP）与马来眼子菜的δ15N值有明显的负相关关系,水中的总氮（TN）与POM的δ15N、δ13C值则呈很好的正相关关系。而POM的N占比和底泥的δ15N值分别与POM的δ15N值有明显的正相关性。研究表明,马来眼子菜和POM的δ15N、δ13C值能够指示太湖贡湖湾的主要污染来源。     

Eight urgent,fundamental and simultaneous steps needed to restore ocean health,and the consequences for humanity and the planet of inaction or delay

1. The ocean crisis is urgent and central to human wellbeing and life on Earth; past and current activities are damaging the planet's main life support system for future generations. We are witnessing an increase in ocean heat, disturbance, acidification, bio‐invasions and nutrients, and reducing oxygen levels. Several of these act like ratchets: once detrimental or negative changes have occurred, they may lock in place and may not be reversible, especially at gross ecological and ocean process scales.
2. Each change may represent a loss to humanity of resources, ecosystem function, oxygen production and species. The longer we pursue unsuitable actions, the more we close the path to recovery and better ocean health and greater benefits for humanity in the future.
3. We stand at a critical juncture and have identified eight priority issues that need to be addressed in unison to help avert a potential ecological disaster in the global ocean. They form a purposely ambitious agenda for global governance and are aimed at informing decision‐makers at a high level. They should also be of interest to the general public.
4. Of all the themes, the highest priority is to rigorously address global warming and limit surface temperature rise to 1.5°C by 2100, as warming is the pre‐eminent factor driving change in the ocean. The other themes are establishing a robust and comprehensive High Seas Treaty, enforcing existing standards for Marine Protected Areas and expanding their coverage, especially in terms of high levels of protection, adopting a precautionary pause on deep‐sea mining, ending overfishing and destructive fishing practices, radically reducing marine pollution, putting in place a financing mechanism for ocean management and protection, and lastly, scaling up science/data gathering and facilitating data sharing.
5. By implementing all eight measures in unison, as a coordinated strategy, we can build resilience to climate change, help sustain fisheries productivity, particularly for low‐income countries dependent on fisheries, protect coasts (e.g. via soft‐engineering/habitat‐based approaches), promote mitigation (e.g. carbon storage) and enable improved adaptation to rapid global change.

     

环境保护投资与工业污染控制关系研究

在定性分析基础上，通过建立模型研究了环境保护投资与4种主要污染物排放量的数量关系。结果表明，环境保护投资与污染物排放量呈负相关，且环境保护投资与废水排放量之间的相关程度最高（r=-0.9759),与SO2排放量之间的相关系数最低（r=-0.6543)，即投资在废水防治方面取得了良好的效益，在SO2防治方面效果不佳。进一步分析表明，“三同时”投资（新建项目预防污染投资）对各污染物排放量的影响显著性大于老污染源治理投资，说明“三同时”投资发挥了较好的效益。     

基于输出系数模型的南四湖流域非点源污染输出风险评估

[目的]探究非点源污染物N、P输出风险在不同子流域、坡度等级和县市区的分布特征,为南四湖流域不同风险区制定管理方案和控制对策提供科学依据。[方法]以数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)为基础数据,运用ArcGIS软件,提取南四湖流域的DEM,制作坡度等级图,再运用水文分析功能,提取水系图、河流图、并划定子流域,结合2013年南四湖流域土地利用图,通过运用输出风险模型分析不同的土地利用类型和坡度下氮(N),磷(P)污染的空间变化。[结果]氮素的平均风险概率达到51.67%,磷素的平均风险概率达到9.14%,南四湖流域非点源污染输出风险湖东小于湖西;随坡度增大,高风险区面积减小,低风险区面积增加;就不同县市区而言,济宁市中区的N风险较小之外,其余县市区N风险均较大,P风险较小。[结论]N是流域最主要的非点源污染物,非点源污染输出风险大小与土地覆盖和坡度有密切关系。