广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层土壤物性的研究

通过对广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区针阔混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林等5种不同森林类型土壤理化性质状况的比较,研究了不同森林类型对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明：（1）广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层表土呈酸性,石砾含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为4.0%、1.11 g/cm3、58.01%、37.73%和20.28%;自然含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量分别为296.02,442.95,321.38 g/kg;土壤阳离子交换量为5.99-8.20 cmol（＋）/kg,电导率为57.87-97.44,全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾分别为1.88 g/kg、105.20 mg/kg、0.19 g/kg、2.22 mg/kg和130.53 mg/kg。（2）土壤孔隙度、土壤自然含水量、最小持水量、阳离子交换量、电导率、全磷、速效磷在不同林分类型间差异不显著,但土壤容重、石砾含量、最大持水量、土壤pH值、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾在不同林分类型间差异显著。马尾松林的石砾含量与针阔混交林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林有显著差异（p=0.003,p=0.009,p=0.01）,全氮与针阔混交林差异显著（p=0.025）,碱解氮与针阔混交林差异显著（p=0.028）,速效钾与阔叶混交林差异显著（p=0.012）;毛竹林pH值和杉木林、针阔混交林和阔叶混交林差异显著（p=0.026,p=0.030,p=0.035）。（3）从土壤理化性状来看,阔叶混交林、毛竹林的土壤质量和肥力要比马尾松林和杉木林好。     

夏季体育锻炼水分补充与体温调节探讨

本文通过对高温环境下从事体育锻炼的排汗量及失水情况和体温产生变化进行研究分析表明，高温气候和环境温度是直接影响体育锻炼时间、强度和运动量的主要问题，依据研究结果，作者提出在高温环境下摄取液体时应选择机体吸收利用快的８℃─１３℃低温液体和不超过５％浓度的低渗或等渗溶液，采用多次数少摄取量方法，并合理选择摄取时间，以便快速补充体液，调节体温，延长运动时间，提高运动成绩。     

灌溉水质对土壤水力性质和物理性质的影响

本文研究了灌溉水质对田间原状土壤非饱和导率水率的影响及其机理,研究结果表明,灌溉水质对土壤导水率有显著影响,随灌溉水矿化度增加,土壤导水率变大,而灌溉水钠吸附比（ＳＡＲ）则有相反的作用,ＳＡＲ愈高,土壤导水率愈低,本文还研究了灌溉水非常低的矿化度对土壤导水率产生的不可逆效应以及表土和度土导水率的差异,同时还研究了灌溉水质对土壤物理性质的影响。     

Improving quality of composted biowaste to enhance disease suppressiveness of compost-amended, peat-based potting mixes

Biowaste can be converted into compost by composting or by a combination of anaerobic digestion and composting. Currently, waste management systems are primarily focused on the increase of the turnover rate of waste streams whereas optimisation of product quality receives less attention. This results in low quality composts that can only be sold on bulk markets at low prices. A new market for quality compost could be potting mixes for horticultural container-grown crops to partially replace non-renewable peat and increase the disease suppressiveness of potting mixes. We report here on the effect of wetsieving biowaste prior to composting on compost quality and on disease suppressiveness against the plant pathogen Pythium ultimum of peat mixes amended with this compost. The increased organic matter and decreased salt content of the compost allow for significantly higher substitution rates of peat by compost. In this study up to 60% v/v compost peat replacement did not affect cucumber growth. However, disease suppressiveness of the potting mixes strongly increased from 31 to 94% when the compost amendment rate was increased from 20 to 60%. It was shown that general disease suppression for P. ultimum can only be effective when the basal respiration rate is sufficiently high to support microbial activity. In addition, organic matter of the compost should reach a sufficient stability level to turn from disease conducive to disease suppressive. Increasing the compost addition from 20 to 60% did not significantly affect plant yield, yield variation were due to differences in nutrient levels. It can be concluded that compost from wetsieved biowaste has high potential to replace peat in growing media for the professional market.     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

重叠群物理图谱的构建及其应用

人类对各种生物的基因组结构和功能的研究都需要确定DNA序列在染色体上的位置。与遗传图相比,物理图反映了基因或DNA标记之间在染色体上的真实距离。依其作图方法分为三类,即限制性酶切图谱、重叠群图谱和DNA序列图谱。重叠群物理图是将获得的大片段克隆,如YAC、BAC克隆,依其在染色体上的真实顺序排列而成,主要应用于基因组测序、重要基因的图位克隆、靶分子标记开发及比较基因组学研究等,特别是为那些由于缺乏合适的作图群体而不能建立遗传图的物种提供了一个重要的从事基因组学研究的平台。本文综述了近年来重叠群物理图构建研究的主要进展,比较分析了不同重叠群物理图谱构建方法的特点,提出了改进物理作图质量的建议,认为应根据基因组不同区域的特点,综合特异性探针的杂交、PCR筛选、酶切指纹分析、BAC克隆STC延伸、BAC末端测序等多种方法才能完成重叠群的构建。此外,物理图的构建还应努力整合各种基因组的资源和数据,如遗传连锁图、分子细胞遗传图、DNA序列图、EST数据等,这将有助于提高其在基因组学研究中的使用价值及应用范围。文章最后对重叠群物理图的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Effect of Continuous Rice–Wheat Rotation on Soil Properties from Four Agro‐ecosystems of Indian Punjab

In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.     

SOM fractionation methods: Relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms

Soil organic matter (SOM) consists of various functional pools that are stabilized by specific mechanisms and have certain turnover rates. For the development of mechanistic models that predict changes in SOM storage, these pools have to be quantified and characterized. In the past, numerous fractionation schemes have been developed to separate and analyse such SOM fractions. In this review, the SOM fractions obtained with such operational fractionation procedures are described in terms of their pool sizes, chemical properties, and turnover rates. The main objective of this review is to evaluate these operationally defined fractions with respect to their suitability to describe functional SOM pools that could be used to parameterize SOM turnover models. Fractionation procedures include (1) physical separation of SOM into aggregate, particle size, and density fractions and fractions according to their magnetic susceptibility, and (2) various wet chemical procedures that fractionate SOM according to solubility, hydrolysability, and resistance to oxidation or by destruction of the mineral phase. Furthermore, combinations of fractionation methods are evaluated.The active SOM pool with turnover rates <10 years may best be represented by the soil microbial biomass and the light fraction (<1.6-2 g cm⁻³) obtained by density fractionation (if black carbon contents are considered). Most chemical and physical fractionations as well as combinations of methods yield SOM fractions that are not homogeneous in terms of turnover rates. It has proven to be particularly difficult to isolate functional fractions that represent the passive model pools in which the majority of soil SOM is stabilized. The available fractionation methods do not correspond to specific stabilization mechanisms and hence do not describe functional SOM pools. Another problem is that comprehensive data for turnover rates and data for whole soil profiles are only now becoming available, especially for new fractionation methods. Such information as well as the use of specific markers and compound-specific isotope analysis may be important for future differentiation and evaluation of functional SOM fractions.     

惠州山区有机畜禽养殖的土水环境初探

调查和测定了调查区域土壤剖面的基本属性、养分和重金属以及水质pH和重金属的含量。结果表明,土壤发育层次受坡积、残积和洪积物的影响,其发生层差异明显;随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全N、速效P和速效K的含量呈逐渐降低趋势,且各养分之间存在一定的相关性;土壤重金属Zn、Ni、Cr、Cu含量均符合土壤环境质量标准,综合指数P综≤0.7,评价为安全,达到国家土壤环境质量(GB 15618-1995)一级标准;水质重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr的含量均符合国家(GB/T 19630.1-2005)规定的有机类养殖业畜禽饮用水标准。因此,在惠州山区的调查区域内,利用山区地形推行畜禽养殖的模式,是发展有机畜禽业的理想场所。