甲基吡啶铬对生长肥育猪生产性能及胴体品质的影响

通过饲养试验和屠宰试验研究了甲基吡啶铬对生长肥育猪生产性能及胴体品质的影响。选择 4 8头平均体重为 3 0 .7± 3 .1kg的长白×大白×北京黑三元杂交健康生长猪 ,按单因子随机区组设计分为对照组和试验组 ,分别饲喂未加甲基吡啶铬的日粮和添加 0 .0 5 %甲基吡啶铬 (折算成铬的添加水平为2 0 0 μg/kg)的日粮。试验结果显示 :试验组平均日增重和平均日采食量与对照组无显著差异 ,但饲料转化率显著改善 1 0 .2 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,屠宰率和瘦肉率分别提高了 2 .9%和 2 .0 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 1 0肋和最后肋背膘厚度分别下降 1 .6%和 1 3 .0 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,眼肌面积显著增加 1 3 .8% (P <0 .0 5 )     

哈萨克牛四种蛋白多态与体尺性状关系的分析

哈萨克牛 Tf、Ptf、Alb和 Pa等 4个蛋白位点分别有 4、2、2和 3种表型 ,分别受 3、2、2和 2个共显性等位基因支配。应用最小二乘法拟合线性模型 ,研究 4个蛋白位点的基因型与哈萨克牛体尺性状间的关系 ,结果表明 ,在胸深性状上 ,Tf AE型的 LSE值显著高于 Tf DE型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;在胸围性状上 ,Tf AE型的 LSE值极显著高于 Tf DE型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 1 ) :对于胸深性状 ,Ptf AA型的LSE值显著高于 Ptf AB型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;在腰角宽性状上 ,Alb AA型的 LSE值显著高于 Alb AB型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;对于臀端高性状 ,Pa AA型的 LSE值极显著高于 Pa AB型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;对于十字部高性状 ,Pa AA型的 LSE值显著高于 Pa AB型的 LSE值 ( P<0 .0 5 )     

农业科技成果转化资金绩效评价指标体系研究

从政策评价指标、经济效益评价指标、社会效益评价指标、生态效益评价指标和科技进步贡献率指标5个方面建立了农业科技成果转化资金绩效评价指标体系,指出其中政府指标是首要评价指标,起着对"农转资"定性的作用。     

离子液体对甘蔗渣的微波溶解工艺与性能研究

以甘蔗渣为原料,利用微波辅助加热方法,对其在离子液体中的溶解工艺和性能进行了研究。分析了微波功率、温度、甘蔗渣含量对溶解时间的影响,并确定最佳溶解工艺。采用红外、X射线衍射、热重分析等手段对溶解前后的甘蔗渣纤维素结构进行分析。结果表明:甘蔗渣纤维素在离子液体中的溶解属于直接溶解,纤维素经离子液体溶解和再生后,结晶度下降,晶型由纤维素Ⅰ型转变为纤维素Ⅱ型,并且其热分解温度降低,热稳定性略有下降。     

利用RP-HPLC分析柑橘果肉水溶性蛋白质的差异

本文探索了利用超声波细胞破碎仪提取柑橘果肉中水溶性蛋白质的方法,并对流动相及波长等色谱条件进行优化,建立了反相高效液相色谱分离柑橘果肉水溶性蛋白质的技术。优化后的色谱条件为:流动相A为0.05%三氟乙酸甲醇溶液,B为0.05%三氟乙酸水溶液,A液100%～72%,梯度洗脱45 min,再用A液平衡10min,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为20μL,检测波长为270 nm。从7个柑橘品种的果肉中共分离出20个不同的蛋白质峰,图谱中各品种的特有蛋白质反映了不同品种不同表型性状的重要信息。     

内蒙古西部地区煤矸石路用性质试验研究

煤矸石是煤矿生产过程中产生的固体废弃物,对环境造成严重污染,利用煤矸石是解决煤矸石环境污染问题的主要途径.本文以内蒙古西部区煤矸石为研究对象,通过对取自乌海、东胜、薛家湾煤矸石原料测定其颗粒组成、吸水率、膨胀率、烧失率、PH值、压碎值、坚固性等指标,研究分析其物理、化学和力学性质,获得三种煤矸石的性质差异,确定乌海煤矸石可作为路用集料直接使用,而其他两种煤矸石可作为路堤填料加以利用.     

农产品供应链绩效评价研究

从供应链节点企业绩效水平、供应链合作绩效水平、供应链运作水平和供应链绿色水平4个方面,分析了评价农产品供应链绩效应考虑的主要因素,建立了农产品供应链绩效评价指标体系,并进一步给出基于随机模拟的农产品供应链绩效评价的模型和算法。最后通过实例分析,验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

青海天峻县高原型藏羊毛纤维物理性能分析

通过对青海天峻县高原型藏羊毛纤维物理性能分析。结果表明纤维类型重量百分比:无髓毛、有髓毛和干死毛含量:周岁羊平均分别占48.87%,43.23%,15.38%,无干死毛羊只占15.11%;成年羊平均分别占40.85%,44.40%,17.52%,无干死毛羊只占14.41%。羊毛纤维细度:无髓毛、有髓毛和干死毛细度,周岁羊平均分别为21.06μm,38.85μm,68.31μm,成年羊平均分别为22.44μm,38.67μm,79.29μm。毛辫长、底绒长、毛纤维手排平均长度:周岁羊平均分别为274.13mm,82.72mm,70.05mm;成年羊平均分别为275.30mm,90.70mm,73.21mm。净毛率和色度(Wht、YT):周岁羊平均分别为72.37%,68.68,30.60;成年羊平均分别为73.55%,69.11,30.16。天峻县高原型藏羊具有良好的毛辫长度和底绒长度,而且底绒细度细,粗毛、绒毛比例适中,干死毛含量少,净毛率高,色度好的特点,是纺织地毯、长毛绒和提花毯的优质原料。     

菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲喂荷斯坦牛的试验研究

本试验旨在研究菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲料对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和血液生化指标的影响。试验选取12头体况、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分为3组。对照组奶牛按牛场原有日粮和饲喂方式饲喂;试验Ⅰ组用6kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代1.5kg苜蓿干草,试验Ⅱ组用9kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代2.5kg苜蓿干草,其他均不作变动。结果表明:混合豆荚青贮饲料代替部分苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量无显著影响,对乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖、非脂固形物和血液生化指标无显著影响。以产1kg标准乳计,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组可分别节约饲料成本0.08元和0.14元,可见利用混合豆荚青贮饲料替代部分苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛经济、可行。     

The influence of bedding on the time horses spend recumbent

To determine if bedding has any influence on the time horses spend recumbent, 8 horses kept on straw and 8 kept on wood shavings were observed from 10:00 to 5:30 for two successive nights. Observations were conducted using time-lapse video recordings. Lying down and rising behavior, as well as frequency and duration of bouts spent in lateral and sternal recumbency, was registered. The results showed that horses on straw were lying in lateral recumbency three times longer than horses on shavings (P < .001), whereas the time horses spent in sternal recumbency did not differ. The longest period of noninterrupted lateral recumbency was longer for horses on straw than for those on shavings. Because horses must lie down, preferably in lateral recumbency, to achieve paradoxical sleep, the reduced time spent in lateral recumbency in horses on wood shavings may affect their welfare and performance. Independent of the bedding, we further observed that, as the horses got up from recumbency, most of them made attempts to roll over before rising. This behavior appeared to be caused by some difficulty in rising, possibly due to the box size, and might have a connection with the fact that horses sometimes get stuck against the box wall.

Introduction

Many riding horses spend the majority of their life in an artificial environment. Horse owners keep their horses under certain conditions because of tradition, because they want to make the horse feel comfortable from a human point of view, or to reduce the amount of work involved in horse husbandry. Often the choice of bedding substrate is made from a subjective point of view without assessing both short-term and long-term effects of the bedding. Part of the reason is that only few studies have analyzed horses' preferences for different bedding substrates and their effect on the time horses spend recumbent. In one study comparing straw and wood shavings, no significant preference was found.[1] In another study comparing plastic, wheat straw, and wood shavings, the time horses spent standing, sleeping, or lying down was not affected significantly by the bedding substrates. [2] Mills et al [3] found that horses, given a choice between straw and wood shavings, spent significantly more time on straw. Whereas the substrates had no significant effect on behaviors such as eating, lying, and standing alert, horses spent more time performing bedding-directed behaviors on straw but more time dozing on shavings. Finally, it has been reported that the use of nonstraw bedding may increase the risk of abnormal behaviors such as weaving. [4]As far as bedding properties are concerned, Airaksinen et al[5] concluded that air quality in the stable and utilization of manure can be improved by selecting a good bedding material. According to Reed and Redhead, [6] both straw and shavings are economical and easy to obtain, and they make a bright, comfortable bed. Straw bales are convenient to store, but may be eaten by the horse, are labor intensive, and may be dusty or contain fungal spores. Wood shavings are not eaten by the horse and are good for respiratory problems but need to be kept very clean because they are porous. In addition, they are not as warm as straw because they do not trap air the way straw does.Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies in cats have demonstrated that sleep can be divided into two stages of differing electrocorticographic (EcoG) patterns, ie, slow-wave-sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS).[7] During PS, bursts of rapid eye movements (REM) can be seen at irregular intervals. [8] In humans, dreaming occurs during this stage. [9 and 10] Horses are able to sleep while standing, [11] but in this position they only go into SWS. [14, 15 and 16] During PS there is a complete abolition of muscular tone of antigravity muscles and of neck muscles, as shown in cats. [17] In horses, there is a gradual loss of muscular tone until the middle of the recorded SWS period, whence it decreases to a negligible amount during PS. [15] Consequently, muscular tone disappears entirely at the onset of PS. [18] Horses are unable to complete a sleeping cycle without lying down to enter PS. [8, 19 and 20] They normally fall asleep while standing and, when they feel confident about their environment, lie down in sternocostal recumbency. [8] Thereafter, they proceed to lateral recumbency and enter PS. [14 and 19] Dallaire and Ruckebusch [18] demonstrated that the SWS state was infrequent in the standing animal and most often occurred during sternocostal recumbency with the head resting or not on the ground. PS occurred in both sternocostal and lateral recumbency, although the animal frequently had to readjust its position into sternocostal recumbency due to the disappearance of neck muscular tone.The sleep pattern of horses depends on many circumstances, such as age,[21, 22 and 23] diet, [16] and familiarity with the environment. When horses are put outdoors it may take some days before they lie down. If one horse that is familiar with the environment lies down, the others usually follow. [8 and 13] Dallaire and Ruckebusch [16] subjected three horses to a four-day period of perceptual (visual and auditive) deprivation. After this period total sleep time increased due to an augmentation of both SWS and PS. Finally, there is large individual variation between horses in the time they spend recumbent and sleeping. [15]Horses spend 11% to 20% of the total time in recumbency.[11 and 15] Lateral recumbency represents about 20% of total recumbency time, and uninterrupted periods of lateral recumbency vary from 1 to 13 minutes (mean, 4.6 min). [14 and 16] Steinhart [11] found that the mean length of uninterrupted lateral recumbency periods was 23 minutes, the longest period being one hour. Total sleeping time in the stabled horse averages 3 to 5 hours per day or 15% of the total time. [8, 13 and 16] Keiper and Keenan [24] found similar time budgets in feral horses that were recumbent approximately 26% of the night. PS is about 17% to 25% of total sleeping time, and the mean length of a single PS period is 4 to 4.8 minutes. [13 and 18]In stabled horses sleep is mainly nocturnal and occurs during three to seven periods during the night.[8, 13 and 16] Ruckebusch [13] observed that neither sleep nor recumbency occurred during daytime in three ponies observed for a month and, in another experiment conducted on horses, PS occurred only during nighttime. [15] A group of ponies observed for more than a month between 8:45 and 4:45 spent only 1% of the daytime recumbent.[25] The maximum concentration of sleep occurs from 12:00 to 4:00 .[8, 16, 18 and 24]The purpose of this study was to examine two groups of horses in a familiar environment, one group kept on a bedding consisting of straw, and the other kept on wood shavings, and to determine if there was any difference between the two groups in the time they spend recumbent.

Materials and methods

Housing. The study was conducted in one of the biggest riding clubs in Denmark, housing about 150 horses. The 18 horses used in the study stood in three different parts of the stable. They were all stabled in boxes measuring 3 × 3 m and subjected to the same feeding and management routine. They were unable to see their next-door neighbor because of a tall wooden board, but they were able to see the horses stabled on the opposite side of the corridor through bars. Nine horses were stabled on wheat straw (15 cm long, dry matter content 87-88%) and nine on oven-dried wood shavings (80% spruce and 20% pine, dry matter content 82%).Animals. All horses used in the study were privately owned. They had been kept in the boxes in which they were observed a minimum of three weeks. Three of the horses were mares and 15 were geldings. Most of them were Danish Warmblood used for dressage riding. Their ages ranged from 5 to 18 years (mean, 10.6 y) and their height ranged from 1.60 to 1.76 m (mean, 1.68 m). All horses wore a blanket. Age and sex distribution between the two groups is shown in Table 1.