东北丘陵半干旱区参考作物蒸散量计算方法比较

利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式、FAO Penman修正式和Priestley-Taylor公式对东北丘陵半干旱区观测到的气象数据进行了逐日参考作物蒸散量计算.结果显示,FAO Penman修正式的计算值比FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值平均偏大约16%,2种比较方法具有很好的相关性;而Priestley-Taylor公式的计算值与FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值相比,差异比较显著,是由于Priestley-Taylor公式没有考虑空气动力项对参考作物蒸散量的影响.因此,在东北丘陵半干旱区使用Priestley-Taylor公式计算参考作物蒸散量,必须根据不同月份对公式中的常数项重新进行修正.     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

1960—2015年黑龙江省水稻需水量时空分布特征

基于黑龙江省26个气象站1960—2015年逐日气象数据和29个水稻灌溉试验站的作物系数,利用Penman-Monteith方法和Arcmap空间分析功能计算并绘制了1960—1979年、1980—1999年和2000—2015年3个阶段水稻生长季参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、水稻生育期天数、需水量、有效降雨量和需水量与有效降雨量耦合度及相应的气候倾向率分布图。结果表明：水稻生长季ET0平均值为620mm,自西向东总体表现为先减小后增大趋势,风速、湿度、日照时数的减小和温度的升高共同作用导致水稻生长季ET0以-3.90mm/(10a)的平均速度下降;生育期平均天数为115d,自北向南总体表现为增加趋势,温度升高引起了水稻生育期天数以2.68d/(10a)的平均速度增加;水稻生育期有效降雨量平均值为297.03mm,自西向东总体表现为先增大后减小的趋势,生育期天数的增加也弥补了降雨量减小的影响,使有效降雨量以0.62mm/(10a)的平均速度增加;需水量平均值为490.52mm,自西向东总体表现为先减小后增加的趋势,生育期天数的增加弥补了ET0减小对需水量的影响,使研究区内水稻需水量以6.66mm/(10a)的平均速度增加;需水量与有效降雨量耦合度平均值为0.64,自西向东表现为先增加后减小的趋势,需水量增幅大于有效降雨量增幅,使需水量与有效降雨量耦合度总体以-0.009/(10a)速度下降。本研究可为黑龙江省合理分配灌溉水资源和优化水稻品种布局提供依据。     

Energy partitioning influenced by tree spacing

An energy partitioning experiment was set-up within an experimental agroforest site at Cloich forest, near Edinburgh. Measurements of turbulent heat fluxes were made – during non stress conditions – both directly by eddy-covariance techniques and in the case of latent heat flux indirectly through closure of the energy budget equation. These measurements were made simultaneously in the thinned plots (one plot at a time) and a reference plot to eliminate differences due to external atmospheric conditions. Observed values of Bowen ratio ranged from 1 to 3.5, with significantly lower values in the thinned plots compared with those measured in the reference plot. On separation of the Bowen ratio into its two components, it was found that sensible heat flux remained constant between plots. The latent heat flux, however, increased as the tree density was reduced. A simple model of the evaporation from the forest plots based on the Penman-Monteith equation and incorporating an under-storey component was developed and was able to accurately replicate the observed results. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.     

黑龙江省大豆作物系数的确定

作物系数是计算作物需水量,合理进行灌溉和水分资源调配的重要参数。依据1991—2011年黑龙江10个典型农业气象站大豆农业气象观测记录,运用统计学方法,确定了大豆实际平均生育期,利用FAO推荐的Penman－Monteith公式和根层水分平衡原理,计算出了大豆作物系数,并进一步分析了大豆作物系数的变化规律。结果表明,近20年,黑龙江大豆平均播种时间推迟5 d ,收获时间推迟10 d ,平均生育期为5月1日到9月30日,生育期延长5d。大豆作物系数在生育期内呈现出“单峰”变化趋势,结荚期的作物系数最大,为0．96,其次是开花期,为0．75,苗期和成熟期最小,为0．32;三叶期、分枝期和鼓粒期作物系数分别为0．60,0．62和0．71,全生育期平均作物系数为0．61。大豆的水分敏感期为结荚期和开花期。     

CERES-Wheat模型中两种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法比较研究

基于CSM-CERES-Wheat模型中Priestley-Taylor(PT)和FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM)2种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法分别模拟了冬小麦2011—2012年和2012—2013年2个生长季的累积蒸发蒸腾量、日蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率、地上干物质以及籽粒产量,并对2种方法的模拟结果进行了评价和比较。对2种方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量值与试验区域内大型称量式蒸渗仪的实测结果进行了比较,结果表明,基于PT和PM方法的CERES-Wheat模型均可以准确地模拟干旱-半干旱地区冬小麦的蒸发蒸腾量,累积蒸发蒸腾量和日蒸发蒸腾量的误差分别小于5.4%和3.4%。同时,模型还可以模拟土壤水分动态情况,在0~20 cm土层,CERES-Wheat模型的模拟值与实测值的标准化均方根误差(RRMSEn)为39.38%,模拟结果较差,但20 cm土层以下,2种方法的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn均小于23.1%,且对40~60 cm土层的模拟结果最好。CERES-Wheat模型基于PT和PM方法对冬小麦在2011—2012年和2012—2013年生长季地上生物量的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn分别为13.57%和22.76%,产量的RRMSEn分别为11.80%和15.42%,模拟结果均较好。另外,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型基于PT方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量小于基于PM方法的模拟值,而PT方法对土壤含水率的模拟结果高于PM方法的模拟结果,且PT方法对地上生物量以及产量的模拟结果高于PM方法,用2种方法模拟的成熟期地上生物量及产量的RRMSEn值均在25%以内。总之,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型采用2种方法对蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率及干物质和产量的模拟结果均较好,表明该模型在我国干旱-半干旱地区的应用性较好,可为该地区不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长情况提供理论支持。     

中国西南地区蒸发皿系数K_p研究

利用中国西南地区1980—2010年112个气象站点的气象资料,以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith模型作为计算参考作物蒸散(ET0)的标准方法,分析了蒸发皿系数Kp的时空分布,并分析了9种Kp经验模型在中国西南地区的适用性。结果表明:西南地区Kp月均值变化范围为0.65~0.85,其中6—9月Kp较高,2—4月Kp较小;Kp在空间上呈西低东高特征。9种Kp模型中,A98模型的适用性相对最好。     

近50年来四川省潜在蒸散量变化成因研究

利用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith法计算四川省4个分区1960—2010年逐月的潜在蒸散量（ET₀）,采用贡献率法分析ET₀近50 a来变化成因。结果表明:整个四川省、四川盆地和盆周山地日照时数和风速下降对ET₀的负贡献超过平均、最高和最低气温上升以及相对湿度下降对ET₀的正贡献,使ET₀呈下降趋势;川西北高原平均、最高和最低气温上升以及相对湿度下降对ET₀的正贡献超过风速和日照时数下降对ET₀的负贡献,使ET₀呈上升趋势;川西南山地平均、最低气温、日照时数和风速的下降对ET₀的负贡献超过了最高气温上升和相对湿度下降对ET₀的正贡献,使ET₀呈下降趋势。四川省和四川盆地日照时数下降是ET₀下降的主要原因,盆周山地和川西南山地风速下降是ET₀下降的主要原因,川西北高原最低温度上升是ET₀上升的主要原因。     

广西多站点参考作物蒸散量时空变化分析

基于广西20个气象观测站点1957—2001年的逐月气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算各站点逐月、逐年参考作物蒸散量(ET0),采用变差系数和年际极值比分析ET0的年际变化特征,应用累积滤波器法、Ken-dall秩次相关法、R/S分析法分析ET0的变化趋势。研究结果表明,桂中ET0年际变化最剧烈,桂南ET0年际变化最小。岩溶发育地区的ET0的年际变化比非岩溶发育略显剧烈,但相差不大。20个站点中,5%站点的ET0呈显著上升趋势,95%站点的ET0呈下降趋势(下降趋势显著的站点占63.1%)。与1957—2001年相比,ET0呈上升趋势的站点由5%增加到未来的35%,且非岩溶地区ET0呈上升趋势的站点数大于岩溶地区。