甘肃中东部半干旱区参考作物蒸散量多种计算方法的比较研究

为明确甘肃中东部丘陵沟壑地区参考作物蒸散量(ET0)在气象资料短缺条件下的计算方法,依据6个气象站的长系列资料,以FAO Penman-Monteith方法为标准,对7种ET0计算方法进行评价。结果表明:Hargreaves与FAO Penman-Monteith吻合最好,其次为Jensen-Haise,各地区年均标准偏差(RMBE)分别为120.0 mm、446.1 mm。Pennman、FAO-17 Penman、FAO-24 Radiation、Preiestley-Taylor计算结果偏高,各地区年均RMBE在3 122.1～1 383.4mm间,以FAO-24 Radiation差异最大。8种方程计算的年内月均ET0趋势基本呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在7月份。Hargreaves、Jensen-Haise两种方程3-9月差异大于1-2月和10-12月份; Penman、FAO-17 Penman、FAO-24Radiation、Preiestley-Taylor、Makkink 5种方程7月份差异最大,地区间表现不一。不同的方程与FAO PenmanMonteith方程均存在显著的线性相关关系(0. 994**≤R≤0.8743**),回归系数t检测均达到显著水平,以FAO Penman-Monteith方程为基础对各方程进行矫正是可行的。     

修正温度法计算农作物蒸散量ET0研究

作物腾散量是农业灌溉管理方面最主要参数。目前确定作物腾散量的方法很多,根据新疆维吾尔自治区21个典型气象站1981～2000年的20年月平均气象资料运用FAOPenman-Monteith法(1990)与温度法进行计算和系统对比分析,结果表明二方法具有较好的相关性,样本总数为126个,相关系数为0.925。通过验证误差在允许的范围之内。因此为今后灌溉管理和产量评估提供了较为简便实用的模型。     

黄土区参考作物蒸散量多种计算方法的比较研究(简报)

参考作物蒸散量的计算公式大多存在地域性限制,分析其应用情况能够反映这些公式在中国部分地区的应用前景.该文根据1996～2000年陕西省榆林、延安与西安三站的逐日气象资料,以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith方法为标准, 对计算参考作物蒸散量的10种方法进行比较.线性回归,平方根误差与平均偏差方法检验的结果显示:Penman系列方法之间关系密切,Kimberly PM-72方法最好.不同方法之间在夏季的差异较大,春秋季较小.在需要数据较少的方法中Privstley-Taylor方法接近penman-Monteith方法.FAO-Rad、FAO-BC、Hargreaves与Makkink4种方法与其差异明显,而且存在地域差异.在本区应用这些方法时需要对其参数进行适当调整,以适应当地的气象条件.     

艾比湖绿洲参考作物蒸散量的敏感性分析

【目的】研究艾比湖绿洲参考作物蒸散量对不同气象因子的敏感性。【方法】利用Penman-Monteith公式,基于艾比湖绿洲1962—2016年4个气象站的逐月气象资料计算ET0。通过敏感性分析,计算最高温度、最低温度、相对湿度、日照时间和风速的敏感系数,并运用MK趋势检验分析其变化趋势,最后分析了敏感系数在各个站点的变化特征。【结果】通过MK趋势检验,发现参考作物蒸散量、日照时间和风速呈下降趋势;最高温度、最低温度和相对湿度呈上升趋势。通过敏感性分析,发现最高温度、风速在研究区呈下降趋势,最低温度、相对湿度、日照时间为上升趋势。艾比湖绿洲中,各气象因子对ET0的敏感程度为相对湿度>最高温度>风速>最低温度>日照时间。ET0对不同气象因子的敏感系数在空间上存在差异,最高温度、最低温度、风速、相对湿度在艾比湖北部的阿拉山口较高,在温泉站较低;日照时间则在温泉较高,在阿拉山口较低。【结论】相对湿度对艾比湖绿洲ET0的敏感性最高,日照时间的敏感性最低。     

Sensitivity Analysis of the Reference Evapotranspiration in Ebinur Lake Oasis北大核心CSCD

【Objective】The evapotranspiration of crop depends on many factors and this paper analyzed its sensitivity to various meteorological factors in Ebinur lake oasis.【Method】Monthly ET0 in Ebinur lake oasis was calculated using the Penman-Monteith formula based on meteorological data measured from 1962 to 2016 at four meteorological stations in the region. The sensitivity of ET0 to the highest and lowest temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and wind speed was calculated using sensitivity analysis; and the possible existence of any trends in the ET0 was analyzed using the MK trend test. We also calculated the variation of the sensitivity coefficient for each site.【Result】The MK trend test revealed that the evapotranspiration, sunshine duration and wind speed in the region have been in decline, while the highest and lowest temperature and the relative humidity have been in rise. Analysis found that the ET0 was sensitive to meteorological factor in an order of relative humidity > the highest temperature > wind speed > the lowest temperature > sunshine duration. The sensitivity coefficient of ET0 to different meteorological factors varies spatially, with the coefficients for the highest and lowest temperature, wind speed and relative humidity being high at Alashan pass-way in northern Ebinur lake, and low at Wenquan station. Wenquan station had longer sunshine duration than Alashan pass-way.【Conclusion】ET0 is most sensitive to relative humidity in Ebinur lake oasis, and least sensitive to sunshine duration. © 2019 Authors. All rights reserved.     

澳大利亚参考作物蒸散量变化及影响因素分析

[目的]探讨参考作物蒸散量在全球气候变化环境中的区域响应形式及其影响因素。[方法]利用Penman-Monteith方程计算澳大利亚1998～2007年的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),通过GIS方法分析ET0的时空变化特征并探讨ET0与主要气候因子的关系。[结果]①多年平均ET0呈半环状分布,自东、南2面向西北部和内陆逐渐增加,与气候带分布具有较高的空间一致性;②全区平均ET0约1750mm,2000年取得最小值(1647.97mm),2002年取得最大值(1851.45mm);③ET0按夏、春、秋、冬的顺序递减,1、12月ET0最高,分别为200.42和201.24mm,6月最低,为79.55mm;④ET0与平均气温、太阳辐射量呈正相关,确定性系数分别为0.83、0.94,与平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,与降水量没有明显的相关性。[结论]该研究为澳大利亚的作物需水量研究及灌溉措施的制定提供了参考。     

Spatial variation of climatology monthly crop reference evapotranspiration and sensitivity coefficients in Shiyang river basin of northwest China

Crop reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is often used to determine crop water requirement. ET₀ maps are useful for regional agricultural and water resources management, and also play an important role in the distributed hydrological modeling. For generating spatial ET₀ surfaces, ‘Interpolate-then-calculate (IC)’ approach is powerful in principle and is recommended especially for sparse weather station networks. The partial thin-plate smoothing spline incorporated in ANUSPLIN for interpolating climatic variables has been accepted widely across the world. In this paper, the climatology monthly ET₀ data of Shiyang river basin, one of the three inner basins in northwest China, are developed by spatially modeling the input climatic parameters with ANUSPLIN, and from the interpolated climate and ET₀ datasets, sensitivity coefficients of ET₀ to the climatic variables of selected months are also spatially distributed.In the cool months (January, February, November and December), the spatial variability of ET₀ is small and the value is rather low, whereas the warm season (May, June, July and August) is characterized by high values of ET₀ and large spatial variations in the river basin. Vapor pressure deficit is the most sensitive variable during the cool months and in the mountainous area with lower temperature; mean air temperature is the least sensitive one during the year and a little variation is observed at the basin scale. In summer, available energy primarily forces ET₀ as expected, and in winter, wind speed plays an important role and affects ET₀ greater at the northern plain region where deserts are dominated by dunes and low shrubs. We conclude that for regions with isolated climate stations, ‘IC’ procedure by including topographic and geographic factors can effectively model spatially distributed ET₀.     

基于SIMETAW模型的北京地区主要作物需水量估算

应用北京近56年气象数据对SIMETAW模型进行校正,并利用模型估算北京地区主要大田作物需水量。结果表明:SIMETAW模型对参考作物腾发量的模拟与彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算值较为接近,r>0.94,结果可靠。北京地区主要大田作物的需水量和作物系数在全生育期内均呈现单峰型曲线;果树类作物需水量相对较大,其次是粮经作物,其中春花生、棉花、春甘薯和冬小麦需水量较大,均在430 mm以上;蔬菜类作物由于生育期较短,单季耗水量小,均在400 mm以下。     

Radiation calibration of FAO56 Penman-Monteith model to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration in China

The standardized FAO56 Penman-Monteith model, which has been the most reasonable method in both humid and arid climatic conditions, provides reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) estimates for planning and efficient use of agricultural water resources. Net radiation is an important and site-specific component to determine ET_o. The empirical radiation estimation in FAO56 Penman-Monteith model was calibrated by observed solar radiation of 81 meteorological stations over China during 1971-2000, and measurements of net longwave radiation in the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that Ångström formula based on simple annual linear regression coefficients of 0.20 and 0.79 yielded the least error for the preserved 30 validation stations, and are thus recommended for estimating solar radiation in China. The optimal calibration of net longwave radiation was based on Penman estimation combined with the minimum and maximum temperatures. The calibrated net radiation served as the basis to estimate ET_o accurately, which would be overestimated by about 27% if no local calibration is performed on the FAO56 Penman-Monteith model in China. The average ET_o was 769 mm yr⁻¹ based on calibrated radiation model in China during 1971-2000.     

重庆市参考作物蒸散量及湿润指数变化研究

利用1960—2008年重庆市34个气象站点的逐日降水、气温、气压、空气相对湿度、日照时数等气象要素资料,采用FAO推荐的彭曼—孟蒂斯公式,以日为单位,计算出各站点近49 a的参考作物蒸散量和湿润指数;采用线性趋势法、ArcGIS反距离权重空间插值法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法和相关分析法等方法,分析了1960—2008年重庆市的参考作物蒸散量和湿润指数的时空分布和变化趋势。结果表明:（1）重庆市年均参考作物蒸散量的空间分布差异显著,表现为由渝东南地区向渝东北地区和渝中西部地区增加的趋势。时间上,1960—2008年总体呈现下降趋势,但有阶段性的差异;（2）年均湿润指数空间分布差异较大,以渝东南的酉阳湿润指数最高,并由渝东南地区向渝东北地区和渝中西部地区递减。年均湿润指数时间分布总体呈现上升趋势,但阶段性有差异,突变年为1979年;（3）重庆市地表湿润指数与降水量、相对湿度呈现显著的正相关关系,与平均气温、最高气温、平均风速、日照时数以及参考作物蒸散量呈负相关。