不同有机质配方肥对烤烟生长及产质量的影响

为探究水田烤烟施用有机肥的适宜有机质含量及碳氮比,采用自主配方有机肥研究了不同有机质含量及碳氮比对烤烟农艺性状、产量及质量的影响。结果表明:有机肥中有机质含量为50%和65%时,烤烟叶片数、产量和产值总体上高于烟草专用肥处理,且烤后烟叶评吸质量总体上有所提升;有机质含量为35%时,烤烟产量和产值略低于烟草专用肥处理。有机肥中有机质含量提高会促进叶片生长发育和干物质积累,同时上部叶烟碱含量有降低的趋势;有机质含量同一梯度内随着碳氮比的提高,评吸质量提高,且中部叶表现出较高的糖碱比。研究认为,水田烤烟有机肥以有机质含量65%、碳氮比19.54有利于烤烟生长发育及品质提升。     

马来眼子菜和POM稳定同位素对污染物的指示作用

为了探究大型植物马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）和颗粒有机物质（Particulate organic matter,POM）对湖泊主要污染来源的指示作用,在贡湖湾选取14个样点,采集马来眼子菜和POM样品,分析其碳、氮稳定同位素的变化。结果显示,马来眼子菜和POM有相似的δ15N值趋势,都是随着离入湖口距离越远,其δ15N值逐渐增加,马来眼子菜的δ15N值为10.8‰～14.1‰,POM的δ15N值为6.69‰～14.1‰;而马来眼子菜的δ13C值随着离入湖口距离越远有下降趋势,变化范围为-17.6‰ ~ -14.5‰;POM的δ13C值则有增加趋势,变化范围为-26.9‰ ~ -24.6‰。马来眼子菜较高的δ15N值指示了人类生活污水来源的氮,表明贡湖湾的主要污染源为生活污水。相关分析表明,水中总溶解磷（TDP）与马来眼子菜的δ15N值有明显的负相关关系,水中的总氮（TN）与POM的δ15N、δ13C值则呈很好的正相关关系。而POM的N占比和底泥的δ15N值分别与POM的δ15N值有明显的正相关性。研究表明,马来眼子菜和POM的δ15N、δ13C值能够指示太湖贡湖湾的主要污染来源。     

土地利用方式对土壤基本性质及肥力的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式下土壤基本性质及肥力的差异。[方法]以山西省吕梁市离石区王家沟为试验基地,研究侧柏和碱草混交、欧李、柠条、苜蓿、油松5种土地利用类型对土壤基本性质、有机质含量、有效磷含量及碱解氮含量的影响。[结果]不同土地利用方式土壤基本性质不同;有机质含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、柠条、欧李、油松、苜蓿用地;有效磷含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、油松、柠条、欧李、苜蓿用地;碱解氮含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、苜蓿、欧李、柠条、油松用地。[结论]侧柏和碱草混交最有利于改良土壤、保土保肥。     

The effect of extended grazing time and supplementary forage on the dry matter intake and foraging behaviour of cattle kept under traditional African grazing systems

An experiment was carried out at Alemaya University in Ethiopia to investigate the effect of night kraaling on the dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and foraging behaviour of Ogaden cattle. Three groups of four animals were given either 7 h access to pasture per day, simulating traditional grazing (TG) practice; extended grazing (EG) access for 11 h per day; or traditional grazing access plus a nocturnal forage supplement (TF). Live weight gain, DMI and foraging behaviour were measured during the late dry season (EP1) and the wet season (EP2). None of the treatments had any significant effect on either DMI or LWG during EP1 or EP2. Extending pasture access time from 7 h to 11 h did not significantly increase the amount time spent grazing, but grazing intensity was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced during the non-common grazing hours. Step rate was significantly lower (p < 0.01) during EP2 than during EP1 and bites per step were significantly higher (p < 0.001) during EP2 than EP1, indicating that animals had to travel a shorter distance before selecting material to eat during the wet season (EP2). Providing supplementary forage (TF) had no significant effect on any measured parameter. In this study neither of the two low-cost methods (EG and TF) of improving access to forage had any beneficial effect on cattle productivity. It is concluded that, under the prevailing conditions, the traditional grazing practices of this part of Ethiopia do provide sufficient pasture access time to achieve daily voluntary food intake.     

Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: rice-rice-milk vetch (RRV), rice-rice-rape (RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass (RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow (RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.     

三亚地区有机水稻生产关键技术研究

按照有机认证标准,结合三亚地区水稻栽培具体情况,从基地建设、品种选择、栽培技术、田间管理、病虫草害防治、采收与贮藏等多个关键技术点,提出了三亚地区有机水稻生产的关键技术措施,旨在为热带地区有机水稻的生产提供技术支持。     

栽培措施对乐都紫皮蒜干物质积累与转运的影响

【目的】探讨栽培措施对大蒜干物质积累分配与转运特性的影响。【方法】以青海乐都紫皮蒜为材料,采用栽培方式（覆膜和不覆膜）和播期（春播和秋播）两因素随机区组排列试验设计,研究萌芽期至成熟期大蒜植株鳞茎、假茎、叶片、蒜薹等器官的干物质积累及转运特性。【结果】各处理栽培措施下,全生育期大蒜植株单株总干物质积累量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,而鳞茎部位干物质积累量自退母后开始上升,单株总干物质及鳞茎干物质积累量均至成熟采收期达最大;秋播覆膜栽培措施下总干物质及鳞茎干物质的最终积累量均最大;春播栽培地上部干物质积累量总体高于秋播栽培。秋播栽培措施下鳞茎干物质的最终分配比例高于春播栽培,但其假茎、叶中干物质的分配比例在生育后期低于春播栽培。在不同栽培措施下,蒜薹中的干物质输出均最多,其移动率相同但转运率表现为秋播栽培低于春播栽培。不覆膜栽培措施下,根中干物质的转运率及移动率均高于覆膜栽培。【结论】不同栽培措施对大蒜全生育期各器官干物质的积累量及分配比例的总体变化趋势没有明显影响,但其具体数值因处理组合不同而有所变化;秋播覆膜栽培措施下大蒜鳞茎干物质积累能力强,具有较充足的“源”,有利于大蒜高产。     

不同水肥处理对有机基质型砂培番茄产量和品质的影响

以番茄(金鹏一号)为试材,采用简易有机基质槽培,研究不同灌水量和施肥水平对番茄产量和品质的影响。设置3个水分处理,分别是高水(95±5)%(H1)、中水(80±5)%(H2)、低水(65±5)%(H3);4个施肥处理分别是只用有机基质栽培,不追施无机化肥(T1);追施化肥,尿素1 084.665 kg/hm2,硫酸钾483.06kg/hm2(T2);尿素1 812.825 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 115.775 kg/hm2(T3);尿素2 540.835 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 748.505 kg/hm2(T4);采用完全随机组合,共12个处理。结果表明,在基质相对含水量相同时,番茄不同施肥处理中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及产量均以T3为最高,Vc及可溶性固形物则以T4为最高;在相同肥力情况下,番茄不同水分处理中H1的产量远远高于其他两个水分处理,但是品质却随着含水量的降低而呈现显著增高的趋势,以H3最好;综合考虑水分和肥料双因素对产量和品质影响,处理H2T3为最佳处理,其次为处理H2T4,也可以提高番茄的产量和品质。     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]研究早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。[方法]以一季中稻为试验材料,在大棚内开展了轻度水分胁迫(QX)和重度水分胁迫(ZX)对不同生育时期不同器官影响的盆栽试验。[结果]2种水分胁迫处理均明显抑制了水稻不同时期的干物质量。分蘖期,CK组根、茎、叶干物质相对QX和ZX处理有不同程度(121.1%~211.2%)的增加。CK组穗重最大,为53.21 g/盆,其相对QX和ZX处理分别增加44.9%和43.3%,差异显著。相对CK而言,水分胁迫显著提高了ZX处理水稻茎秆和叶片的氮含量,但是由于水稻干物质量受到显著抑制,所以ZX处理的氮积累量显著低于CK组。[结论]前期的水分胁迫显著影响水稻产量和氮素吸收利用,田间管理措施要适时排水或灌溉,避免水分胁迫对水稻产量造成不可逆的影响。