Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as affected by cropping systems

 The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on microbial biomass C (C_mic) and N (N_mic) were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments initiated in 1978 at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and in 1954 at the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC), both in Iowa. Surface soil samples were taken in 1996 and 1997 from plots of corn (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) that had received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha^–1. The C_mic and N_mic values were determined by the chloroform-fumigation-extraction method and the chloroform-fumigation-incubation method, respectively. The C_mic and N_mic values were significantly affected (P<0.05) by crop rotation and plant cover at time of sampling, but not by N fertilization. In general, the highest C_mic and N_mic contents were found in the multicropping systems (4-year rotations) taken in oats or meadow plots, and the lowest values were found in continuous corn and soybean systems. On average, C_mic made up about 1.0% of the organic C (C_org), and N_mic contributed about 2.4% of the total N (N_tot) in soils at both sites and years of sampling. The C_mic values were significantly correlated with C_org contents (r≥0.41**), whereas the relationship between C_mic and N_tot was significant (r≤0.53***) only for the samples taken in 1996 at the NERC site. The C_mic : N_mic ratios were, on average, 4.3 and 6.4 in 1996, and 7.6 and 11.4 in 1997 at the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Crop rotation significantly (P<0.05) affected this ratio only at the NERC site, and N fertilization showed no effect at either site. In general, multicropping systems resulted in greater C_mic : C_org (1.1%) and N_mic : N_tot (2.6%) ratios than monocropping systems (0.8% and 2.1%, respectively). Received: 9 February 1999     

Fractionation of soil cadmium from some new zealand soils

Abstract

The concentrations and forms of soil cadmium (Cd) in 12 different New Zealand topsoils were investigated using a sequential fractionation procedure. Total soil Cd concentrations were low and ranged between 0.03 μg g^‐1 to 1.34 μg g^‐1 and were highly correlated with total soil phosphorus (r²=0.85, P<0.01). Results indicated that there was a wide range in the concentrations of Cd associated with individual soil fractions and large variations between soils. On average for all soils, the smallest proportion of Cd was in exchangeable forms, i.e., 3%, with 12% in the crystalline oxide fraction, 13% in the amorphous oxide fraction and the greatest proportion of Cd associated with the organic 34% and residual 38% fractions. There was evidence to show that a soil extractant which is commonly used to predict plant uptake of Cd from soils, i.e., 0.04 M ethylene diamine terra acetic acid (EDTA), extracts Cd from both exchangeable and organic forms of soil Cd.     

马铃薯增施钾肥增产效果的研究

通过2年的试验研究了增施钾肥对马铃薯产量及相关性状的影响。试验表明,增施钾肥提高了马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量和商品率,提高了叶面积系数、叶绿素含量和净同化率。不同处理增产效果不同,增施钾肥量低时随着钾肥量的提高增产提质效果逐渐提高,当增施钾肥到一定水平时(180kg·hm-2),继续提高钾肥量增产提质效果下降。根据增产提质效果及实际效益,推荐施肥量为:N110kg·hm-2、P2O575kg·hm-2、K2O180kg·hm-2、农家肥104kg·hm-2。     

祁连县小麦“3414”肥效试验

在中等肥力的地块进行小麦"3414"肥效试验,结果表明,该立地小麦最佳施肥量为纯N130.7kghm-2,P2O5131.1kghm-2,K2O60.0kghm-2。     

氮肥施用量对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为了明确水稻旱熟品种龙粳27的最佳施氮量,实现早熟品种高产稳产,利用小区试验的方法,研究在水稻不同生育时期施用不同数量氮肥,对寒地早熟水稻品种产量和品质的影响。结果表明：氮肥用量对水稻单株分蘖和株高影响趋势相同,随着施氮量的增加水稻单株分蘖和株高均明显增加。施氮肥的处理穗实粒数、空瘪率和平方米穗数均比不施氮肥处理高。穗实粒数、空瘪率和平方米穗数随着施氮量的增加而提高。千粒重随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低。氮肥施用量与产量之间的关系式为y=493．11＋53．747x-3．591x^2。最高产量下的施氮肥量应为112．2kg·hm^-2,最高产量为10413kg·hm^-2。     

苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用对高原红富士苹果产量和品质的影响

摘要：【目的】苹果树修剪掉的枝条是果园最常见的废弃物,探究苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用直接还田对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响对提高果园废弃资源利用率具有重要意义。【方法】本试验以14年生乔砧红富士果树为对象,将冬季修剪无病虫害的苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施处理,连续开展了2年定位试验,研究其对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施,明显提高土壤有机质和氮磷钾主要养分含量,苹果废弃枝条L5（10kg/棵+有机肥60kg/棵）和L6（苹果废弃枝条10kg/棵+有机肥70kg/棵）对果园有机质、碱解性氮、速效磷和速效钾含量提高最高,且L5和L6之间差异性不显著;2)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施普遍提高单果重、单株结果量和单株产量,2年定位试验中均是L5和L6提高量最高;3)与对照比,苹果废弃枝与有机肥配施可以显著提高苹果果实硬度、可溶性固形物、Vc含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比、糖酸比。2年定位试验处理相比硬度、可溶性固形物提高范围不显著,L5和L6提高量最高;可溶性糖含量提高10.94%～12.86%、L5提高量最高。【结论】苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施对土壤肥力、产量及品质均有显著改善,L5为最佳配比比例。     

控释烟草专用肥对烟草生长的影响

[目的]研究控释烟草专用肥对烟草生长的影响。[方法]以普通单质肥料和天然有机材料为原料,制备控释烟草专用肥,在盆栽试验条件下,研究控释烟草专用肥对烟草生长的影响。[结果]控释烟草专用肥可以提高烟株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量和硝酸还原酶活性,促进烟株生长中后期的N代谢能力,改善烟株农艺性状,提高烟叶产量和肥料利用率。与普通施肥、推荐施肥1和推荐施肥2相比,烟叶产量分别增加7.0%、4.1%、10.1%,总生物量分别增加3.8%、4.0%、5.0%,N、P、K的利用率分别提高1.3%～4.4%、1.0%～4.4%和1.6%～5.0%。[结论]控释烟草专用肥可以促进烟株生长,提高烟叶产量和肥料养分利用率。     

稻壳降解人体排泄物的研究

［目的］ 用稻壳处理人体排泄物,实现废物的减量化和资源化。［方法］ 采用免水式生物反应器,以稻壳作为反应基质来处理人体排泄物,着重研究反应基质中营养元素的含量变化特征和人体粪便的减量化过程。［结果］ 未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳的干重累积减少率分别为92.40%、81.47%;未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳基质产物中的N、P、K等营养物质含量均较丰富。［结论］ 未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳基质产物可以作为有机肥。     

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、不施氮肥（PK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、有机无机肥配施（MNPK）5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮＞酸解氨基酸氮＞酸解铵态氮＞酸解未知氮＞酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。     

蚯蚓粪缓解草莓连作土壤障碍的作用

【目的】土壤灭菌处理已成为草莓生产中土传病害综合管理的重要措施,但是土壤灭菌明显抑制了土壤微生物的活性,影响草莓植株的生长。有机肥中含有大量的生物活性物质,尤其是蚯蚓粪。本研究通过观测连作土壤灭菌后施用不同有机肥对草莓植株地上部和地下部的影响,为减缓草莓植株生长的连作障碍提供有机肥选择。【方法】采用温室盆栽草莓模拟试验,首先在去除土壤化感效应影响基础上设置土壤灭菌和正常土壤栽培两个处理,探讨土壤灭菌对草莓植株不同阶段地上部叶片及地下部根系生长影响,在此基础上以相同连作土壤进行另一个盆栽试验,设置不灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LW)、 加牛粪(LN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LQ)处理,灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LMW)、 加牛粪(LMN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LMQ)共6个处理。调查了不同处理开花前苗期草莓植株地上部叶片及地下部根系的生长状况。【结果】土壤灭菌处理较相应未灭菌处理显著抑制了草莓花前幼苗阶段植株地下部的生长(P＜0.05),在果实成熟期、 盛果期及盛果末期植株生长均存在补长效应。土壤灭菌改变了草莓植株地上部和地下部正常的生长发育进程,植株不同发育阶段根冠比发生变化。无论连作土壤灭菌与否,施用无机肥料处理较施用有机肥处理显著抑制了根系生长(P＜0.05)。在不灭菌土壤上,施用蚯蚓粪处理草莓植株根系总长、 根系总表面积、 根尖数及根叉数与施用牛粪处理差异不显著,但灭菌土壤上,施加蚯蚓粪与施加牛粪相比,显著增加了草莓植株根系总长、 根系表面积及根叉数(P＜0.05)。【结论】蚯蚓粪与牛粪和无机肥料相比具有显著的生物活性。在草莓连作土壤灭菌后施用具有生物活性的蚯蚓粪,可以促进根系生长,缓解土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育的影响,是值得推荐的有效措施。