光合细菌肥料在玉米上的肥效研究

光合细菌肥料在玉米上具有一定的施用效果,供试菌株有22.2％的纯培养物增产显著。不同剂型,增产效果不同,磁性菌剂在盆栽条件下,增产30.1％,大田为10.3％,普通菌剂分别是26.3％与7.9％。增产原因主要是提高玉米的根际固氮效应和叶绿素含量,增加穗粒的整齐度与出子率。     

施用氮钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响

为了明确氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响,开展了多年施用不同数量的氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响试验。结果表明,增施钾肥对大葱生长发育有明显的促进作用,并能显著提高产量。白庙和黄岭地区试验在氮肥(纯N)水平为225、300 kg/hm~2时,大葱经济产量分别增加11.9%～16.8%和13.2%～21.1%,平均分别增长13.9%、16.7%,大葱产量均随钾肥施用量的加大而提高。在氮肥低用量条件下,适当增加氮肥施用量,也能有效提高大葱的经济产量,不同钾肥(K2O)用量下施氮肥大葱可增产9.9%～14.8%,平均增产12.5%;其中,白庙地区大葱产值增收26 160～41 900元/hm~2,产投比为20.22～43.21。     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

Dry bean production with various tillage and residue management systems

Limited information is available on the influence of high surface residue tillag systems and the interaction of weed control methods, cultivar maturity, and phosphorus fertilizer placement on yield parameters of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) A 3-year field study was conducted on a Fargo clay (fine, frigid, montmorillonitic Vertic Haplaquoll) to evaluate the influence of surface or deep band placed phosphorus fertilizer, tillage systems (PLOW, SWEEP, STRIP, NOTILL) and weed control methods on harvest plant populations, seed yield and seed weight of ‘Upland’ (early maturity) and ‘C-20’ (late maturity) dry bean cultivars. Yield variables were influenced by cultivar planted and climatic conditions. Zinc deficient plants and decreased yield were observed with the ‘C-20’ cultivar when grown on PLOW system plots where phosphorus fertilizer was surface applied. Zinc deficient plants were not present when the phosphorus fertilizer was deep banded or none was applied. No zinc deficient plants were observed on NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP system plots. Both cultivars matured 7 to 10 days earlier with NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP systems when compared with the PLOW system. Dry bean yields were reduced 180 to 310 kg ha⁻¹ by cultivation for weed control. Little difference in yields occurred among tillage systems when climatic conditions were normal. During a cool wet season, seed yields on PLOW system plots were 150 to 400 kg ha⁻¹ higher than on plots of systems with surface residue. Seed weight, although lower on the late maturity cultivar, was not greatly changed by tillage or weed control method. Results from this study indicate that dry beans can be successfully grown with small grain surface residue systems in northern climatic areas where growing degree days exceed 1200 and growing season precipitation does not exceed 400 mm. Further, deep band placement of phosphorus fertilizer is essential in dry bean rotations to eliminate potential zinc deficiency on soils low in zinc. Switching to a high residue management system may require a special cultivator design to eliminate yield loss due to pruning of shallow roots present with high surface residue.     

大量元素水溶性肥料在番茄上的应用效果

对大量元素水溶性肥料在番茄上的应用效果进行了研究。结果表明：番茄喷施大量元素水溶性肥料后,能明显改善经济性状,促使株高、单株结果数、果实直径和单果重增加,增产效果明显。喷施后产量达到73 359.0 kg/hm2,较CK1（喷施清水,与处理1的喷药量和次数相同）和CK2（既不喷肥,也不喷水）分别增产6 493.5 kg/hm2和6 023.0 kg/hm2,增产率分别为9.71%和8.94%。且经济效益显著,施肥后的理论产值为117 374.4元/hm2,较CK1和CK2分别增加纯收入9 286.0元/hm2和9 756.4元/hm2。     

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

水分对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性和产量的影响

以番茄品种齐粉为试材,研究了基质相对含水量为(95±5)%、(80±5)%、(65±5)%和(50±5)%4个处理对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着基质相对含水量的升高,有机基质栽培番茄的株高、茎粗、叶面积、节间长和产量均明显增加;番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度都增大,而水分利用率下降。基质相对含水量为80%的处理与相对含水量为50%和65%的处理相比,番茄长势较好,蒸腾强度、光合强度和产量较高。基质相对含水量为95%的处理与80%的处理相比,产量未有显著增加,且植株有徒长现象,水分利用率低,水资源浪费严重。     

有机肥等氮替代化肥对红壤团聚体及玉米产量和品质的影响

为研究有机肥等氮替代化肥对土壤结构、玉米产量和品质的影响,设置有机肥等氮替代化肥的10%（M10）、20%（M20）、30%（M30）、40%（M40）,以单施化肥（M0）和不施肥（CK）为对照6个施肥处理,测定玉米不同生育期的土壤团聚体变化状况。结果表明：随有机肥等氮部分替代化肥比例的增加,玉米各生育期土壤>0.25mm水稳性团聚体（R_0.25）、平均质量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GWD）不断增加,团聚体破坏率（PAD）、分形维数（D）不断降低。与M0处理相比,M30和M40处理显著提高了玉米子粒产量,表现为M30>M40;M20、M30、M40处理较M0处理玉米子粒蛋白质含量显著增加了13.29%~25.03%,淀粉含量显著增加了39.84%~114.06%,可溶性糖含量显著增加了36.49%~54.05%;蛋白质含量表现为M30和M20处理显著大于M40处理,M30与M20处理间差异不显著;淀粉含量表现为M40>M30>M20,差异显著;可溶性糖含量表现为M40和M30处理显著大于M20处理,M30与M40处理间差异不显著。玉米子粒产量和品质与抽雄期、成熟期土壤团聚体R_0.25呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与PAD、D值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。因此,玉米生产中,利用有机肥等氮替代化肥培肥土壤,需兼顾玉米产量和品质,30%为适宜的有机肥等氮替代化肥比例。     

镉铅复合胁迫对茭白抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]探求重金属离子胁迫下,茭白抗氧化酶活性的变化。[方法]以茭白的单季茭品种“蒋墅茭”和双季茭品种“葑红早”为试材,土壤栽培下,对Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋的单一及其复合胁迫进行有机肥和无机肥处理,测定了茭白叶片中SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性的变化。[结果]Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋的单一及其复合胁迫能在不同程度上降低两个茭白品种叶片中3种抗氧化酶的活性。复合胁迫处理时,其下降的幅度最大,Pb^2＋胁迫处理时下降的幅度最小;不同肥料处理间则以有机肥处理时两个茭白品种叶片中3种抗氧化酶的活性总体强于无机肥处理。品种闻以葑红早叶片中抗氧化酶的活性强于蒋墅茭。[结论]茭白品种葑红早对重金属离子胁迫的忍耐性较强。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。