建土壤磷肥连续效应的研究

当季作物只利用磷肥的很小部分。在旱作条件下,残存在土壤中的大部分磷肥,不断转为非活性磷;随时间的延长,磷肥对后作的连续效应不断降低。改为水田时,旱作物未吸收的磷素,将释放进入活性磷库中,使作物吸磷量急剧上升。四季作物磷肥累加回收率将大大超过当季回收率,最高达56.86%。因此,要注重当季的施磷效果,又不容忽视磷肥的连续效应。土壤磷库水平与作物吸磷量的关系密切。在旱作条件下,作物吸磷量占 Olsen-P 量的1/4～1/3左右;在水田则可超过 Olsen-P 量的1～2倍以上。土壤总磷库(全磷量)虽然对当季作物吸磷量的影响没有达到显著水准,但对四季作物的总吸磷量和生物产量则有极显著正相关,相关系数分别为γ=0.6192、0.6530。为此,提高土壤磷库水平在生产上是有重要意义的。     

用三种浸提方法研究长期定位试验中土壤磷素有效性

基于15年石灰性潮土长期定位施肥试验，用水浸提法、Olsen法、Mehlich3法研究土壤磷素有效性。结果表明：长期不施磷的处理，土壤磷素有效性常年维持在本底的极低水平；施磷均能增加水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的含量，但磷钾配施及大量施用有机肥的效果最明显，其次是有机肥与NPK配施，只施无机肥（NPK，NP）增加的幅度相对较小；然而，在当前的施磷水平下，土壤“不缺磷”，但不能建立较大的有效磷库，并且以Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的临界点为标准，土壤磷素流失的风险不大；水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的比值约为1：10：25，用幂函数、指数方程、对数方程能较好地模拟3种浸提磷之间的转化关系；水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P与作物地上部吸磷量均达到极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．563，0．854和0．930，表明用水浸提法、Olsen法、Mehlich3法研究长期定位试验中土壤磷素的有效性均可行。     

Phosphorus accumulation, leaching and residual effects on crop yields from long-term applications in the subtropics

The effects of 25 years of annual applications of P fertilizer on the accumulation and migration of soil Olsen‐P, and the effects of soil residual P on crop yields by withholding P application for the following 5 years, were evaluated in a subtropical region. Annual application of P fertilizer for 25 years to crops in summer (groundnut), winter (wheat, mustard or rapeseed) or in both seasons raised the Olsen‐P status of the plough layer (0–15 cm) from initially very low (12 kg P ha^?1) to medium (18 kg P ha^?1) and very high levels (40–59 kg P ha^?1), depending on the amount of P surplus (amount of fertilizer applied in excess of removal by crops) (r = 0.86, P ≥ 0.01). However, only 4–9% of the applied P fertilizer accumulated as Olsen‐P to a depth of 15 cm (an increase of 2 mg kg^?1per 100 kg ha^?1 surplus P) in the sandy loam soil. In the following 5 years, the raising of 10 crops without P fertilizer applications decreased the accumulated Olsen‐P by only 20–30% depending upon the amount of accumulated P and crop requirements. After 29 years, 45–256 kg of residual P fertilizer had accumulated as Olsen‐P ha^?1 in the uppermost 150 cm with 43–58% below 60 cm depth; this indicates enormous movement of applied P to deeper layers in this coarse textured soil with low P retention capacity for nutrients. Groundnut was more efficient in utilizing residual P than rapeseed; however, for both crops the yield advantage of residual P could be compensated for by fresh P applications. These results demonstrated little agronomic advantage above approximately 20 mg kg^?1 Olsen‐P build‐up and suggested that further elevation of soil P status would only increase the risk of environmental problems associated with the loss of P from agricultural soils in this region.     

氮肥优化减施对土壤-莴苣系统氮磷平衡及产量效益的影响

采用田间小区试验, 研究了氮肥减施20%(80%N)与施肥优化[施缓释尿素并减氮20%(80%N+CRU)、氮肥减施20%并添加脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂(80%N+QD)、氮肥减施20%并添加土壤调理剂(80%N+SC)]对土壤-莴苣系统氮磷平衡以及产量效益的影响。结果表明: 3 种优化减氮处理均在一定程度上降低了菜地土壤NO₃^--N(硝态氮)、Olsen-P(有效磷)含量及硝化率水平, 从而降低了氮磷流失进入环境的风险; 同时减氮处理还提高了土壤氮素的利用效率, 增加了蔬菜鲜样产量及菜农实际收入, 效益明显。其中, 80%N+CRU 处理降低土壤NO₃^--N 和Olsen-P 含量最为明显, 但该处理植株可食部分容易累积硝酸盐, 收获时莴苣茎硝酸盐含量显著高于常规施肥处理(CF)和《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB18406.1—2001)(P<0.05); 80%N+QD 处理对各时期土壤Olsen-P 及蔬菜可食部分硝酸盐含量影响较小, 却显著降低了菜地土壤的硝化率水平(P<0.05),从而提高了养分利用效率, 同时与CF 处理相比, 该处理较大幅度增加了莴苣鲜样产量(茎21.7%, 叶7.6%)、总收入(13.0%)、实际收入(14.0%)和产投比(14.2%), 是最佳减氮优化处理。试验地80%N+SC 处理效果不稳定,与常规施肥差异不显著。兼顾经济、食用风险、生态环境等效益, 建议在高肥力菜地土壤中, 氮肥减量与脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂配合施用。     

不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积与淋溶的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积、淋溶及季节性变化的影响。结果表明,等磷量条件下,鸡粪、猪粪处理与化肥处理相比,更能增加土壤Olsen-P的累积量和淋溶量,且施用量越大作用越明显。鸡粪TC3、猪粪TS3土壤表层Olsen-P累积量分别比化肥高出50.60%、70.29%;20 cm以下淋溶量分别比化肥处理高出159.5%、111.6%。商品有机肥与化肥相比降低了表层Olsen-P含量,且用量越大作用越明显;商品有机肥土壤淋溶量也低于化肥处理,但用量越大,淋溶量有上升趋势。设施土壤Olsen-P含量高低与施肥时期密切相关,周年呈现"M"形变化规律。不同肥料影响不同,影响大小顺序为猪粪>鸡粪>化肥>商品有机肥。因此,为减少设施土壤Olsen-P的累积与淋溶,鸡粪、猪粪施用量要适当减少,商品有机肥可适当增加。     

Changes of Soil Phosphorus Fractionation According to pH in Red Soils of China: An Incubation Experiment

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main problems limiting crop growth in red soils of southern China. The primary objective of this study was to examine P availability as a function of soil acidity. Soils were sampled from a long-term fertilization experiment and are referred as low-P (No P fertilization) and high-P (120 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1). Both low-P and high-P treatments were incubated adjusting soil pH to seven levels from 3.0 to 6.5 for 10, 20, 30 and 45 days. The pH, DIP, and Olsen-P were determined after each incubation period, and inorganic P fractions were measured at the end of incubation. For both low-P and high-P treatments, DIP decreased with rising pH value and increased with decreasing soil pH. Olsen-P, Ca-P (Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, and Ca₁₀-P) and Al-P increased significantly with soil pH in low-P treatment. In high-P, Olsen-P increased with pH between 3.4 and 5.0 and was stable at higher pH. Moreover, Ca-P and Al-P increased significantly but Fe-P decreased with soil pH increase. The redundancy analysis showed that Ca-P, Al-P, and pH had positive effects on Olsen-P, but Occluded-P showed a negative correlation with Olsen-P in both soils. Our results confirmed that soil P availability was influenced by pH and that the changes in DIP and Olsen-P were linked to changes of inorganic fractions from occluded to Ca- and Al-bound forms. Managing soil acidity is a key issue regarding the availability of P in red soils of China and our results suggest that at least a pH of 5.0 should be targeted.     

砂土供磷能力及磷肥用量模式研究

在河南省黄泛平原沙土区进行多年多点田间试验．结果表明,砂土小麦磷肥的肥效与土壤Olsen－P含量呈y＝16．8432－10．881ogx（n＝33,r＝－0．9700**）极显著曲线负相关小麦相对产量和吸磷量与Olsen－P含量呈显著正相关．据此可以判断土壤供磷的丰缺程度．Olsen－P含量与小麦磷肥用量呈显著负相关,为生产实践中测土施磷提供了指标．     

太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田稻季不施磷的农学及环境效应探究

以太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田为研究对象开展大田试验,通过设置稻麦季均施磷(PR+W,当前农民施肥习惯)、麦季施磷稻季不施磷(PW)、稻季施磷麦季不施磷(PR)以及稻麦季均不施磷(Pzero,对照)四种施磷处理,提出麦季施磷稻季不施磷(PW)的减磷措施。四年八季作物研究结果表明:与传统PR+W处理相比较,PW处理的作物籽粒和秸秆产量均无显著变化,但却提高磷肥利用率3.54%,同时降低土壤速效磷累积量10.5%~36.7%,减少径流总磷浓度12.0%。据此推算,如果一个稻季不施磷肥,太湖流域1.02×106hm~2水稻土四年可节约P_2O_5约24万t,估算该流域每年可直接节约肥料投入成本3.06亿元。这表明采取麦季施磷稻季不施磷的减磷措施不仅能够保持稳产,而且可节约磷肥(磷矿)资源,降低水环境污染风险,具有农学、环境以及经济效益的三赢潜力。     

农田土壤磷的环境指标研究进展

为了研究农田土壤磷的环境指标,综述了国内外1984—2014年农田土壤磷的环境指标研究,发现对于农田土壤磷的环境指标研究不断深入,虽然起步晚,但是进展较快。从研究农田土壤磷的流失途径和流失形态着手,发现土壤水溶性磷、颗粒态磷等不同形态的有效磷含量与地表径流中的磷含量呈现显著相关,流失至水体的磷含量与土壤Olsen-P含量具有较高的相关性,把土壤Olsen-P作为农田土壤磷的环境指标具有准确性及可靠性。综述国内外农田土壤磷的环境指标研究表明:目标水体为湖库和河流的土壤Olsen-P环境阈值分别为25 mg/kg和75 mg/kg。超过该临界值时,土壤径流、排水和渗漏液中磷含量将明显增加,加大农田中土壤磷进入水体的风险,造成水体富营养化,对水环境产生破坏。农田土壤磷的环境指标研究还存在不足,今后还需要研究农田土壤磷素在流失过程中的削减系数,以及农田土壤磷素通过地表径流与土壤侵蚀淋溶之间的交互作用机理。     

长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土磷平衡及农学阈值的影响

【目的】研究长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）的演变特征及土壤磷素的累积状况,分析土壤磷素累积与土壤有效磷的响应关系,明确Olsen-P的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,为西南黄壤地区科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,选择试验中6个处理分别是不施肥（CK）、偏施氮钾肥（NK）、常量氮磷钾肥（NPK）、常量有机肥（M）、减1/2有机肥+减1/2氮磷钾肥（1/2 M +1/2 NPK）和常量有机肥+常量氮磷钾肥（MNPK）。分析西南黄壤性水稻土19年（1995-2013）土壤Olsen-P含量与植株吸磷量,研究土壤Olsen-P的变化规律及土壤累积磷盈亏状况,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤性水稻土的农学阈值,并分析Olsen-P与施肥量之间的关系。【结果】长期施用磷肥处理可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,各施磷处理Olsen-P年增长速率在0.72-2.47 mg·kg^-1·a^-1,其中MNPK处理Olsen-P增长速率最大,NPK处理最小,主要与施肥量的高低有关;有机肥配施化学磷肥比单施化学磷肥和单施有机肥更能有效地促进作物对磷素的吸收;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素盈余量为176-1 200 kg·hm^-2,其中MNPK处理磷素盈余量最高;土壤累积磷盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm^-2,NPK、M、1/2M+1/2NPK、MNPK处理Olsen-P含量分别提高4.0、2.0、3.2和2.0 mg·kg^-1;土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系,磷肥用量（纯P）17.4 kg·hm^-2时土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,西南黄壤性水稻土Olsen-P的农学阈值为15.8 mg·kg^-1;对应的施肥量（纯P）为每年37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化,同时与磷素投入量密切相关,当磷肥用量（纯P）为17.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1土壤磷素呈持平状态。当磷肥用量（纯P）为37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,可获得较高作物产量,磷肥当季利用率高,且磷素在土壤中累积较少。当磷肥用量（纯P）大于37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加土壤磷素的流失风险。土壤中累积磷盈余量一定的情况下,西南黄壤性水稻土长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于施用有机肥处理。