Tillage effects on microbial biomass and nutrient distribution in soils under rain-fed corn production in central-western Mexico

Quantifying how tillage systems affect soil microbial biomass and nutrient cycling by manipulating crop residue placement is important for understanding how production systems can be managed to sustain long-term soil productivity. Our objective was to characterize soil microbial biomass, potential N mineralization and nutrient distribution in soils (Vertisols, Andisols, and Alfisols) under rain-fed corn (Zea mays L.) production from four mid-term (6 years) tillage experiments located in central-western, Mexico. Treatments were three tillage systems: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT). Soil was collected at four locations (Casas Blancas, Morelia, Apatzingán and Tepatitlán) before corn planting, at depths of 0–50, 50–100 and 100–150 mm. Conservation tillage treatments (MT and NT) significantly increased crop residue accumulation on the soil surface. Soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, potential N mineralization, total N, and extractable P were highest in the surface layer of NT and decreased with depth. Soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, total N and extractable P of plowed soil were generally more evenly distributed throughout the 0–150 mm depth. Potential N mineralization was closely associated with organic C and microbial biomass. Higher levels of soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, potential N mineralization, total N, and extractable P were directly related to surface accumulation of crop residues promoted by conservation tillage management. Quality and productivity of soils could be maintained or improved with the use of conservation tillage.     

带状种植系统养分供给与利用研究进展

带状种植是1种以固N植物篱为核心、农作物与植物篱相间种植的农林复合经营模式，植物篱通过修剪避免对农作物遮光，其枝叶作为覆盖物和有机肥，可提高土壤肥力。阐述了植物篱枝叶N素矿化和利用、枝叶有机碳矿化及其对土壤有机质的影响以及固N植物篱对土壤P素和其他矿质元素的供给状况，并评价了该模式下土壤养分和有机质动态。     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity

Alternative land management practices such as conservation or no-tillage, contour farming, terraces, and buffer strips are increasingly used to reduce nonpoint source and water pollution resulting from agricultural activities. Models are useful tools to investigate effects of such management practice alternatives on the watershed level. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the sensitivity of such models to parameters used to represent these conservation practices. Knowledge about the sensitivity to these parameters would help models better simulate the effects of land management. Hence, this paper presents in the first step a sensitivity analysis for conservation management parameters (specifically tillage depth, mechanical soil mixing efficiency, biological soil mixing efficiency, curve number, Manning's roughness coefficient for overland flow, USLE support practice factor, and filter strip width) in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). With this analysis we aimed to improve model parameterisation and calibration efficiency. In contrast to less sensitive parameters such as tillage depth and mixing efficiency we parameterised sensitive parameters such as curve number values in detail.In the second step the analysis consisted of varying management practices (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-tillage) for different crops (spring barley, winter barley, and sugar beet) and varying operation dates. Results showed that the model is very sensitive to applied crop rotations and in some cases even to small variations of management practices. But the different settings do not have the same sensitivity. Duration of vegetation period and soil cover over time was most sensitive followed by soil cover characteristics of applied crops.     

低浓度镉对大白菜苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响研究

在实验室用水培模拟轻度污染土壤,研究低浓度 Cd(5 1.μmol/L)对不同Cd耐性的4个大白菜品种苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响.结果表明,低浓度Cd对耐性强的品种的生长有促进作用,对耐性差的品种的生长有抑制作用.5umol几Cd显著促进大白菜根系对S、Cu的吸收,分别增加22.0%～58.0%、45.9%～116.0%,但抑制S、Cu向地上部转运;大白菜地上部K、P、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn含量受到Cd的较强抑制,且抑制程度存在品种差异.     

土壤养分类型与小麦最佳施肥比例及最大施肥量的关系

在同一试验中采用以氮定磷和氮磷等比条件下同步增加氮磷用量的方法,对土壤养分类型与小麦最佳施肥比例和最大施肥量进行了田间试验。试验表明,不同养分类型的土壤种植小麦,均存在平衡与不平衡土壤养分类型和特定的最佳施肥比例,而小麦最大氮磷施用量严重受试验设计方法的影响。田间试验以最佳氮磷施肥比例条件下同步增加用量设计方法确定的最大氮磷用量较为准确,而以氮定磷的试验方法只有其中有一个处理的施肥比例和用量接近小麦最大氮磷用量的情况下,试验结果才接近实际情况。     

几种包膜缓控释肥粒养分释放特征的研究

采用水浸泡法对国内外4种包膜控释肥料的养分释放特性进行了系统的研究。结果表明,4种缓控释肥料的初期溶出率均小于12%,微分溶出率在0.4%～1.5%之间,这符合国际上公认的缓/控释肥的评价标准,初期溶出率小于15%、微分溶出率在0.25%～2.5%之间。采用水浸泡法测定包膜控释肥料养分释放特征,简便快速,检测时间短,重复次数少,养分浓度变化直接反映出包膜控释肥料的释放速率特性,还可以定量的测定其供肥性能,控释肥料有控制养分释放、延长供应时间的作用;其中腐殖酸和炭基有利于提高肥料颗粒的水稳定性,减缓养分的释放速率。     

连作葡萄对土壤中脲酶活性及养分含量的影响

对葡萄不同种植年限土壤中脲酶及速效氮、磷、钾含量进行研究分析。结果表明:随着种植年限的增长,葡萄根际土壤中脲酶活性增强,速效氮、磷含量增加,各养分比例变化不大,并未表现出养分亏缺或失调现象。     

排放管控前后电子垃圾回收区农业土壤中PBDEs时空分布变化动态

为探明排放强度得到控制后,多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)在典型电子垃圾回收区农业土壤中的时空分布变化特征及其迁移转化情况,根据2010年本课题组布置的采样点进行二次布点,于2017年8月在贵屿及周边区域采集了74份土壤样品,共测得55种PBDEs浓度数据。利用主成分分析、Pearson相关分析解析了55种PBDEs的潜在来源;通过与2010年所测数据对比,利用地理信息系统(GIS)研究区域土壤中PBDEs的时空分布变化特征;以BDE209为例,建立环境多介质逸度模型模拟其在介质间迁移转化的动态。结果表明:一到十溴联苯醚的几何平均浓度范围为0.08～42.27 ng·g~(-1),相比于2010年的0.03～230.00 ng·g~(-1),最大值明显降低;源解析结果显示,贵屿农业土壤可能仍受商用五、十溴联苯醚工业品影响,且该地区的PBDEs的降解过程可能为一个逐步、连续的脱溴反应;PBDEs时空分布特征显示,从2010年到2017年间,一溴联苯醚在研究区域土壤内浓度呈增加趋势,污染均匀扩散到全研究区,其他溴代的PBDEs浓度多以贵屿镇为中心显示岛状分布向周围扩散并呈下降趋势;多介质逸度模型模拟结果表明BDE209在研究区域中主要汇集于土壤和沉积物中,且其消失途径以土壤降解为主;通过一溴联苯醚储量估算,其在贵屿地区一年间(2020年)的新增储量保守估算仍有0.42 t。本研究表明,排放强度得到控制后,土壤中PBDEs的最主要组分BDE209及其他高溴代PBDEs会逐级脱溴降解为低溴代PBDEs,最终转化为一溴联苯醚(BDE1、BDE2、BDE3),已有研究证实其具有生物毒性,目前对人类的毒理学研究尚为空白,应该引起足够的关注。     

不同覆膜材料对旱地农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

为探索不同覆膜材料对旱地农田土壤理化性质以及春玉米产量的影响,试验设置五种覆膜处理（T1: 0.01 mm普通聚乙烯地膜, T2: 0.01 mm降解地膜, T3: 0.007 mm降解地膜, T4: 0.006 mm降解地膜, CK: 裸地）,研究不同覆膜材料对土壤水热状况、养分含量、以及春玉米产量指标的影响。结果表明：T1和T2处理的0~25 cm土层的土壤温度较其他处理高0.82~6.05℃,0~40 cm土层的土壤水分高于其他处理0.42%~ {4.44% }。在0~20 cm土层中,T2处理的土壤碳、氮含量及腐殖酸含量较其他处理高 {4.69%~ }59.24%。T1和T2处理下春玉米的产量指标和水分利用效率均显著高于CK处理（P＜0.05）。并且T2处理的穗粗和穗粒数最高,秃尖率最低。研究表明,T2处理有助于改善旱地春玉米农田土壤理化性质,增加产量、提高品质,可作为春玉米高产环保栽培的覆膜材料。     

不同日龄略阳乌鸡生长发育观测及屠宰差异分析

为了探究略阳乌鸡在当前舍饲+放养的饲养模式下不同日龄的生长发育、屠宰性能差异性,采用饲养试验观测和测定了不同日龄略阳乌鸡公、母鸡的外貌、体重、屠宰性能和肉质营养分析等指标,并对试验数据进行了分析。结果表明：略阳乌鸡体重随着日龄的增大而增大,大日龄鸡的体重极显著地高于小日龄鸡,且公鸡体重极显著地高于同期母鸡;120d之后,略阳乌鸡外貌发育基本达到成年鸡要求;略阳乌鸡在150d测定的各项屠宰指标、鸡胸肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量均高于120d;鸡胸肉中全氨基酸（TAA）、必需氨基酸（EAA）和非必须氨基酸(NEAA)含量在日龄和性别间无显著差异。研究结果可为略阳乌鸡出栏时间的确定提供了一定数据参考。