果园营养诊断配方施肥对琯溪蜜柚及桃产量品质的影响初探

通过土、叶样营养元素分析,土样营养元素以有效Ca含量最高,其依次顺序为：有效Ca>有效Mg>有效K>有效N>有效Fe>有效P>有效Cu>有效Zn,有效P、有效Cu、有效Zn缺乏;叶片营养元素与适量标准相比较,琯溪蜜柚叶片养分含量,有效Zn严重缺乏,有效Cu、有效P、有效Mg、有效K、有效Ca和有效Fe都处于低量范围内,有效N、有效Ca和有效Fe处于高量;桃叶片养分含量与适量标准相比较,有效Ca严重缺乏,有效N处于高量,有效K在适量范围内,其它处于低量范围内;结果表明,初步推算的琯溪蜜柚和血桃试验园的配方施肥量,均能显著提高果实产量。琯溪蜜柚试验园与对照园相比,平均亩产增加 36.15%,固酸比提高4.26%,糖酸比提高18.03%;血桃试验园与对照园相比,平均亩产增加 37.67%,总糖、总酸、Vc、固形物、可食率含量与对照相比分别提高了6.10%、6.90%、34.55%、9.28%、2.10%。     

Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ash and Gypsum. Part II: Nutrition and trace elements

Nutrients and trace elements were determined in the foliage of nine tree species grown in mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum. No serious macronutrient deficiencies were observed. Treatments with PFA consistently increased foliar levels of boron, potassium and molybdenum, and the poor performance of some tree species in pure PFA was attributed to boron toxicity. Gypsum hindered the uptake of boron when mixed with PFA, however, and co-disposal of the two wastes could be used to minimize problems associated with boron toxicity.     

Enhancement of revegetation on construction fill by fertilizer and topsoil application: Effect on mycorrhizal infection

The influence of topsoil and fertilizer application on denuded road construction sites was evaluated to assess its contribution to improvement of vegetation re-establishment. the study sites were within a mixed hardwood and conifer forest on crushed, unweathered subsurface material with low fertility and low biological activity. Topsoils were removed from the site, stockpiled and reapplied to the site after construction. the effect of topsoil amendment on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and an index of microbial biomass were measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Plant growth on the topsoil amended field plots were greatly increased relative to treatments with fertilizer but no topsoil. Three years after establishment, dry weight production on the plots without topsoil treatment was about 40 per cent of the plots treated with topsoil. Greenhouse experiments were designed to compare fresh, dried and stockpiled topsoil. These experiments indicated that storage of the harvested topsoil for five months in a stockpile had minor effects on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass. Topsoil volumes had to exceed 20 per cent of the total soil volume to achieve statistically significant benefits and higher ratios showed greater benefit. the percentage of mycorrhizal infection was greatest in topsoil treatments without fertilizer. the addition of fertilizer increased growth but reduced the percentage of roots forming mycorrhizae. When the total weight of infected roots was calculated, however, infection was found to be greatest with a moderate level of fertilizer (equivalent to approximately 27 kg N ha⁻¹ and 39 kg P ha⁻¹), and was less in both higher fertilizer treatments and in unfertilized treatments. Topsoil amendment increased microbial biomass nitrogen but fertilizer treatment did not.     

氨基酸添加方式和营养液杀菌方式对生菜产量与品质的影响

研究了生菜水培过程中,用混合氨基酸替代20％硝态氮时,不同的氨基酸添加方式和营养液的杀菌方式对生菜产量和品质的影响。试验于生菜采收前12 d开始进行,试验设置4个处理:A．替代氨基酸1次全部加入;B．每3 d添加氨基酸替代总量的1／4,共添加4次;C．氨基酸分次添加(添加方式同B处理),每次添加前营养液通臭氧0．5 h杀菌; D．氨基酸分次添加(添加方式同B处理),每次添加前把营养液加热到60-70℃保持10 min进行杀菌,然后迅速把营养液温度降低到常温。结果表明,在不杀菌的情况下,1次添加的产量和品质优于分次添加,但在降低硝酸盐含量方面,分次添加优于1次添加;在分次添加的情况下,杀菌与不杀菌相比,杀菌可以明显提高生菜的产量和品质,加热杀菌对生菜产量和品质的影响优于臭氧杀菌,臭氧杀菌处理的生菜根系活力、叶绿素等指标高于加热杀菌,但2种杀菌方式之间差异不大。     

不同有机肥用量对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下,研究了配施等量化肥时不同用量有机肥对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响。试验采用有机肥系烘干鸡粪,所有供试肥料均以底肥形式一次施入。研究结果表明,高量有机肥处理(有机肥50,100 kg/m3)严重抑制了黄瓜定植初期的生长,黄瓜前期产量也明显低于不施或低量有机肥处理。随着施肥量的增加,黄瓜氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均显著增加。黄瓜定植后74 d,所有处理基质的速效氮养分均已处于极低的水平,黄瓜普遍出现缺肥症状。试验初步证明了长季节栽培条件下一次施用高量有机肥难以及时提供足量的速效氮源,无法满足蔬菜养分需求。     

无机营养N,P,Ca和K对黑斑病菌侵染甘蓝幼苗的影响

将甘蓝幼苗分别培养在缺N(oN)、缺P(oP)、缺Ca(oCa)或缺K(oK)的不完全营养液中,培养56 d后分别于离体(Seg)和非离体(Int)叶片上接种黑斑病菌,以N,P,Ca和K营养素齐全的全营养液为对照,通过调查不同营养液处理后甘蓝叶片黑斑病的病斑大小,探讨N,P,Ca和K等无机营养素对黑斑病菌侵染甘蓝幼苗的影响。试验分2部分完成:第1部分缺N,缺P和缺Ca 3个处理同时进行,试验结果表明,不同营养液培养的甘蓝叶片黑斑病病斑大小有显著差异,顺序为对照>缺P>缺Ca>缺N处理;而在对照、缺P和缺Ca处理中,同一处理的非离体叶片病斑明显大于离体叶片病斑,缺N处理情况则相反。第2部分缺K处理的试验中,接种后5 d的病斑明显小于对照,非离体叶片与离体叶片接种后的病斑分别比对照小53%和14%;而缺K处理的离体叶片病斑显著比非离体叶片大(37%),并且病情随着接种后时间的延长而加重,在接种22 d后植株叶片和离体叶片的病斑大小趋于平衡。相关性分析表明,接种后5 d甘蓝幼苗活体组织和衰老组织的症状表达没有明显的相关性,但从试验2接种后22 d以及整个试验所有数据的结果分析,两者之间存在一定的相关性,相关系数达r=0.61。     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

边界线分析法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系产量的限制因子

本研究旨在分析小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系限制作物产量的关键因子,为该体系的优化提供科学依据。采用农户调研的方式,对河北省曲周县的小麦/西瓜/玉米间作模式展开调查,主要调研内容是小麦和玉米的播种量、养分投入量和产量以及西瓜的养分投入量和产量,应用边界线分析方法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作高产体系的限制因子。结果表明,限制小麦产量的关键因子为小麦播种量,贡献率达17.8%,而养分投入量的贡献率分别为:P₂O₅ 12.5%、K₂O 11.7%、N 8.0%。限制西瓜产量的关键因子为钾肥投入量,贡献率达15.8%,N、P₂O₅的贡献率分别为14.2%和11.8%。限制玉米产量的关键因子为氮肥投入量,贡献率达20.6%,其他因子的贡献率分别为:K₂O 14.2%,P₂O₅ 11.5%,播种密度9.2%。因此,在小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系中,应适当调控小麦播量,优化西瓜的钾肥和玉米的氮肥投入量,促进该间作模式的产量优势。     

荒漠草原建群种及其枯落物的C、N、P生态化学计量特征

以希拉穆仁草原建群种羊草(Leymuschinensis)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora Griseb)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens nevski)及其枯落物为研究对象,通过测定其C、N、P质量分数,并计算生态化学计量比,分析建群种养分限制格局及养分再吸收规律。结果表明:①植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数均值分别为398.74、24.41、1.55 g/kg,枯落物的为362.53、14.79、1.17 g/kg,3种植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数与其枯落物的差异显著(P<0.05)。②植物在枯落之前会将养分转移,防止养分的流失,N、P的养分再吸收效率范围分别在13.51%~77.49%、2.65%~49.51%,N的回流率大于P,进而使其具备了较强的适应干旱环境的能力。③3种植物叶片的N/P、C/N、C/P变化范围分别在11.81~21.70、15.76~16.59、195.47~273.37,枯落物的变化范围分别在7.72~17.05、17.71~64.46、215.43~487.46,3种植物叶片与枯落物的N/P、C/P差异显著(P<0.05)。④植物叶片N/P均值为16.95,枯落物N/P均值为12.31,说明植物的生长主要受P的限制。研究结果可为荒漠草原提供草地管理指导。     

技术潜在效益认知与农业废弃物循环技术采纳行为——以桃枝废弃物循环为例

为推进农业废弃物循环技术采纳,提高资源利用效率,降低农业面源污染,以北京市平谷区大桃种植户的微观调研数据为样本,运用结构方程模型实证分析了技术潜在效益对桃枝废弃物循环技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:1)社会效益认知、生态效益认知与采纳行为有正相关关系,作用机制生态效益认知>社会效益认知,经济效益与采纳行为呈负相关关系;2)社会效益认知对经济效益认知有正向影响,经济效益认知对生态效益认知有正向影响;3)促进农户对桃枝废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,将提高农户对该项技术的忠诚度。因此,本研究提出要发挥邻里带动作用,提高农户对技术效益的认知程度,通过制定差异化政策、加强产学研融合,促进农户对农业废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,推动绿色农业发展。