小流域水文及土壤侵蚀过程模拟方法研究

流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟,需要采用合适的方法对坡面—沟道耦合问题及初始和边界条件进行正确的处理。将流域划分为坡面侵蚀与沟道侵蚀,采用时间空间耦合处理方法,实现了小流域坡—沟侵蚀过程中水流与泥沙输送的面—线耦合及沟道间的线—线连接。给出了模拟流域土壤侵蚀过程的控制微分方程、初始条件、边界条件及坡面向沟道汇水输沙的动态模拟处理方法。得到了较为符合实际的流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟模型。模拟结果与室内实验测量结果的比较表明,模拟精度达到80%以上,说明了动态模拟方法的可行性。     

东北玉米生长模型中土壤水分参数的敏感性分析

为进一步改进和提高东北玉米生长模型评估干旱的能力,并使之更好的在区域尺度上应用,以吉林省为例,对该模型的土壤水分参数进行敏感度分析。通过对榆树(半湿润)和白城(半干旱)两个站点典型干旱年份(2000、2001年)和雨水较丰年份及平年(1998、2002年)的分析,得到以下初步结论:土壤含水量对凋萎湿度、田间持水量、作物系数最敏感,整个根区初始土壤有效含水量等次之;凋萎湿度、田间持水量、整个根区初始土壤有效含水量对土壤水分影响为正效应;上述结果在不同气候区、不同降水年份相对稳定,具有一定的普适性。作物生长模型在区域尺度应用时,上述敏感参数的不当估算所产生的误差将导致土壤水分模拟失真,并进一步影响整个作物生长过程的模拟和模型的区域应用;根据敏感性分析结果,有针对性地改进敏感参数,有望进一步提高土壤水分乃至作物生长的模拟精度。     

用数值计算方法研究抗旱灌水播种技术参数

抗旱灌水播种是解决春旱播种的一种有效形式,把此方式下的土壤水分运动看成是沿种沟方向垂直剖面上的二维水分运动,根据不同的初边值条件建立了数学模型,用数值计算方法得出了种沟深度、灌水量、土壤初始含水率等技术参数的取值范围。     

基于规则的水资源模拟配置模型

针对区域性水资源系统结构复杂、要素繁多的系统特性,给出了适用于多水源、多工程、多用户的大型水资源系统的系统概化规则和模型计算原则。介绍了反映各种水源及工程供水特点的建模思路,并在配置规则的基础上建立了水资源模拟模型,该模型在河北省水资源合理配置中进行了实际应用,配置结果合理可靠。     

灌区渠首水库群优化调度的自优化模拟技术

以梅院泥灌区为背景,建立了灌溉供水量最大为目标函数的灌区渠首水库群优化调度的自优化模拟模型及相应的求解技术。在利用历史资料进行优化计算的基础上,获得了梅院泥灌区渠首水库的调度规则。     

基于BPNN-GA的泵站前池整流底坎参数优化

为了减少泵站进水结构内的不良流态,提高泵组运行效率,该研究基于计算流体动力学以及BPNN-GA(Back Propagation Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)算法对泵站前池内底坎的结构设计参数进行优化。为便于计算遗传算法的适应度,在轴向流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角基础上提出了前池水流流态的综合评价指标F。以综合评价指标F为目标参量,通过遗传算法优化训练好的BPNN模型,得出最优底坎结构设计参数,并同正交试验设计的最优方案的数值模拟结构对比分析。研究结果表明,在1、2、4号水泵机组运行情况下,相比于正交试验设计的最优方案泵站前池水流流态, 1号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了16.58个百分点,速度加权平均角增加了4.66°;2号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了0.49个百分点,速度加权平均角下降了2.81°;4号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了8个百分点,速度加权平均角增加了7.81°,综合评价指标F为1.16,表明前池流态得到较大幅度的提高。基于BPNN-GA算法对泵站前池整流底坎参数进行优化,克服传统方法陷入局部最优的缺陷,可在满足设计要求的范围内选出当轴向流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角最优时的底坎设计参数,为计算智能在泵站优化水力设计方面提供参考。     

BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions

The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long-term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process-based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site-specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.     

参数化林木个体及林分场景可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以1块林分边界规整的典型杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅、冠高与活枝下高等测树因子及林木位置信息。研究冠形曲线函数,利用Direct 3D技术,实现冠形控制下的参数化林木模拟。研究林木模型格式转换方法,为林分场景构建提供模型数据,结合MOGRE技术,研究林分场景模拟技术方法,实现林分场景可视化模拟。结果表明：参数化林木个体建模算法简单适用,测树因子信息可直接用于林木个体可视化模拟,所建模型可体现林木个体差异,形态逼真;利用MOGRE技术可快速、有效模拟林分场景,所建场景真实感较强。此方法所需数据易于获取,适用性强,可对林木个体及林分场景进行逼真模拟,可为研究林木竞争关系、林分生长、林分结构与林分经营提供新思路。     

Simulation Analysis and Calculation of Energy Consumption in Green Building Design:A Case Study in Chongqing

It is well known that green energy-saving building should be popularized with great effort. But when it comes to practice, a key stage of building design is how to choose energy-saving technology, products and measures for raising energy-saving levels according to a building's own features. In order to solve the problem, we consider simulate energy-consumption analysis as a tool to synthesize the effect of indicators, such as wall insulation, sunshade, lighting, ventilation etc. Then we compare the result with the national standard to make sure that the energy-saving technology, products and measures really work. As a result, the energy conservation measure can be determined and prominent energy-saving effect can be achieved.     

Study on Underground Hot Water Storage Tank Cooling of Solar Energy Heating System

In view of the different of the underground heat storage water tank of solar position arrangement, make use of the Fluent software program numerical simulation and calculation, it is concluded that under different conditions the heat storage water tank temperature field distribution of the soil around. At the same time, establishing physical model and mathematical model of underground heat storage water tank and combined with practical engineering, verify the underground storage tank for heat and energy storage, to obtain the relationship between the tank roof loss and total heat release. Calculation results show that under the same conditions, outdoor storage tank at the top of the heat dissipating capacity to reduce, so the method can be used to offset at the top of the energy required collector to reduce, so the method can be used to offset this part of the energy required collector area of the cut, improve thermal efficiency and reduce the user store hot water tank of the store.