Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management,incorporating timber,carbon and oxygen values: A case study

Abstract

This paper comparatively examines two forest management planning approaches: multipurpose forest management and traditional timber management, with carbon, timber and oxygen production objectives in mind. The effects of both approaches on carbon and oxygen values were estimated with an oxygen and carbon flow matrix, while timber production was modelled through a growth and yield model. The estimated values were simultaneously integrated into a linear programming model developed for this study. The objective was to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the profits of timber, oxygen and carbon under the constraints of an even flow of timber production and ending forest inventory for each planning approach. The results showed that the ecological and environmental regulations in multipurpose management substantially decreased the NPV of timber production even though they increased the NPV of carbon and oxygen flow. The results also indicated that over a 100 year planning horizon the total NPV of all forest ecosystem values including carbon, timber and oxygen is almost the same (only 1.9% reduction in multipurpose management approach) in both management approaches. Although multipurpose management creates more NPV of carbon and oxygen than timber management does, the latter provides better results in terms of timber production. It is therefore important to take into account the NPV of all apparent and quantifiable forest values in preparing forest management plans, particularly in developing new management planning approaches.     

An Assessment of Forest Policy Changes in Western Washington

Abstract

Changing forest policies in both riparian and upland areas to help protect threatened and endangered species have contributed to the reduction of timber harvests in western Washington. The economic, biodiversity, and environmental impacts of these policy actions have been substantial. Policy simulations across 9.4 million acres of timber-land show that relative to proactive management strategies, current habitat conservation and environmental programs (largely based on a reservation strategy) result in net present value reductions to forestland owners of $9.9 billion. Accompanying these asset value reductions are employment losses (sustained) of 30% and tax receipt losses of 26%. The policy simulations further demonstrate that proactive management will not decrease the long-term percentage of the upland landscape occupied by functionally old forests relative to the reservation strategy. In the riparian area, adoption of a reservation strategy actually decreases (by 29%) the percent of the landscape occupied by functionally old forests relative to a proactive management approach. These results illustrate the importance of proactively managing western Washington forests to provide maximum functionally old forest habitat for endangered upland animals (such as the northern spotted owl and the marbled murrelet) as well as riparian species.     

冷却剂参数对铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命的影响

采用有限体积流固耦合计算方法、非线性有限元热结构耦合分析方法和局部应变法研究大面积比铣槽喷管三维再生冷却槽道在循环工作条件下的热结构变形与低周疲劳寿命,并对比分析了冷却剂质量流量与入口温度对铣槽喷管疲劳使用寿命的影响。计算结果表明,铣槽喷管热结构响应呈现复杂的三维效应,应变较大位置主要分布在与肋连接的内衬区域,喷管中部的残余应变量最大;冷却槽道低周疲劳寿命分布和热结构响应基本一致,最小寿命位于喷管中部与肋相连的内衬区域燃气侧;随冷却剂质量流量增加,铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命不断提高;随冷却剂入口温度增加喷管尾部低周疲劳寿命值不断降低,而喷管中前部的低周疲劳寿命值却不断提高,当冷却剂入口温度为280K左右时,本文的铣槽喷管总体使用寿命达到最大。      

Nutritional Programming of Intrauterine Development: A Concept Applicable to the Horse?

Human epidemiological observations and studies of experimental animals have shown that low birth weight is associated with adult phenotypes characterized by abnormalities in cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine function. In human populations, these changes can lead to overt degenerative diseases such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Because fetal growth depends primarily on the nutrient supply, the associations between birth weight and adult phenotype have been linked to poor nutrition in utero. The fetal supply of nutrients and oxygen depends on both the availability of these substances in the mother and the functional capacity of the placenta to supply them to the fetus. This review takes a comparative approach to examining the nutritional programming of adult physiological phenotype in mammals with emphasis on the horse where possible. It considers the role of maternal nutritional state and placental function in these processes and discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms operating in utero that are responsible for the epigenetic regulation of phenotypical diversity.     

基于区间两阶段鲁棒优化模型的灌区水资源优化配置

为避免由灌区水资源配置系统存在的诸多不确定因素导致的配水过程风险性,在区间两阶段随机规划方法的基础上加入了鲁棒优化方法,构建区间两阶段鲁棒优化模型,引入鲁棒系数表示系统风险,将系统风险体现在模型中,克服了系统风险不可控的不足。以三江平原牡丹江灌区为例,对灌区水资源进行优化配置,得到灌区多水源、多作物、不同鲁棒系数下的配水目标。结果表明:随着鲁棒系数增大,导致缺水量增加,系统稳定性增强,但成本也随之增加,系统经济性降低;当鲁棒系数为3时,缺水量不再增加,系统达到稳定的状态,此时系统的成本在[1. 903 27×10~9,2. 634 75×10~9]元之间变化。优化结果可为决策者提供决策空间,为农业水资源的合理配置提供技术支持。     

孕期应激对绵羊子代表型编程效应研究进展

家畜孕期应激对子代行为、生理和神经方面有着复杂的影响,这种影响可以持续到子代成年甚至跨代遗传。家畜孕期管理不当会对母体产生应激,使母体及其子代的生长、健康和福利受损,从而影响家畜的经济价值。本文以绵羊孕期应激模型和人工合成糖皮质激素模拟应激模型的试验结果为切入点,系统总结了绵羊孕期应激对子代表型的影响,并讨论了研究结果异同的可能原因。研究发现,绵羊孕期应激可以影响子代出生体重、调节子代下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴发育、影响子代行为模式和认知能力、改变子代基因表达和大脑形态,并且母体糖皮质激素水平是决定子代表型变化的主要因素。未来研究方向应该侧重于绵羊孕期应激对子代基因表达、免疫功能、生产性能和母性行为的影响,以及不同妊娠时期母体应激的比较研究、对子代影响的连续研究和探讨孕期应激不良编程的应对策略研究。     

山湖水库“一库两站”联合运行优化调度方法

针对特殊干旱年山湖水库水资源优化调度问题,提出了单座年调节水库与补库泵站、调水泵站联合运行的“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度模型.模型以年内各阶段受水区缺水量平方和最小为目标函数,各阶段水库的供水量与外调水量为决策变量,水库年可供水量、调水泵站年提水量、库站联合运行调度准则为约束条件,采用动态规划逐次逼近法求解,获得了水库最优的供水量过程和弃水量过程、补库泵站最优的补水量过程以及调水泵站最优的提水量过程.结果表明：山湖水库“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度可将系统缺水量从16万m3减小至8.6万m3,而水库弃水量从84.1万m3减小至0,泵站补水量从2 190万m3减小至2 140万m3,外调水量从380万m3增加至390万m3.该成果可为采用类似“一库两站”系统供水灌区的运行管理提供借鉴和参考.     

基于区间线性规划理论的水稻土重金属Cd形态限量标准研究

应用生态环境效应法,借助区间线性规划理论,以稻谷Cd与活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)Cd含量间的线性回归模拟方程为目标函数,以稻谷Cd限量卫生标准为限制条件,筛选各约束条件下的最大最优值为各活性形态Cd含量的限量标准,为成都平原土壤重金属污染控制提供参考,为深入研究基于生物有效性的土壤重金属限量标准的制定提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤Cd活性形态限量标准分别为:可交换态Cd≤0.0865 mg/kg,碳酸盐结合态Cd≤0.2641 mg/kg,铁锰氧化物结合态Cd≤0.2461 mg/kg,有机物结合态Cd≤0.0760 mg/kg。     

多线左旋螺纹的数控车削方法

文章以沈阳数控机床HT1625 FANUC 0I-TC系统为例,通过选用设置合理的切削参数和工艺,探讨多线左旋螺纹的数控车削加工。     

Prematurity and Dysmaturity Are Associated With Reduced Height and Shorter Distal Limb Length in Horses

The long-term effects of gestational immaturity in the premature (defined as < 320 days gestation) and dysmature (normal term but showing some signs of prematurity) foal have not been thoroughly investigated. Studies have reported that a high percentage of gestationally immature foals with related orthopedic issues such as incomplete ossification may fail to fulfill their intended athletic purpose, particularly in Thoroughbred racing. In humans, premature birth is associated with shorter stature at maturity and variations in anatomical ratios, linked to alterations in metabolism and timing of physeal closure in the long bones. We hypothesized that gestational immaturity in horses might similarly be associated with reduced height and different anatomical ratios at maturity. In this preliminary study, the skeletal ratios of horses with a history of gestational immaturity, identified through veterinary and breeder records, were compared with those of unaffected, closely related horses (i.e., sire, dam, sibling). External measurements were taken from conformation photographs of cases (n = 19) and related horses (n = 28), and these were then combined into indices to evaluate and compare metric properties of conformation. A principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components account for 43.8% of the total conformational variation of the horses’ external features, separating horses with a rectangular conformation (body length > height at the withers), from those that are more square (body length = height at the withers). Varimax rotation of PC1 and analysis of different gestational groups showed a significant effect of gestational immaturity (P = .001), with the premature group being more affected than the dysmature group (P = .009, P = .012). Mean values for the four dominant indices showed that these groups have significantly lower distal limb to body length relationships than controls. The observed differences suggest that gestational immaturity may affect anatomical ratios at maturity, which, in combination with orthopedic issues arising from incomplete ossification, may have a further impact on long-term athletic potential.