Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile

Intensive tillage for annual crop production may be affecting soil health and quality. However, tillage intensity effects on biological activities of volcanic-derived soils have not been systematically investigated. We evaluated the effects of three different tillage practices on some biological activities of an Ultisol from southern Chile during the third year of a wheat–lupin–wheat crop sequence. Treatments were: no tillage with stubble burning (NTB), no tillage without stubble burning (NT) and conventional tillage with disk-harrowing and stubble burning (CT). Biological activities were evaluated in winter and summer at 0–200 mm and at three soil depths (0–50, 50–100 and 100–200 mm) in winter. Total organic C and N were significantly higher under no-tillage systems than CT. In general, NT increased C and N of microbial biomass in comparison with CT, especially in winter. Microbial biomass C was closely associated with microbial biomass N (r = 0.986, P < 0.05); acid phosphomonoesterase (r = 0.999, P < 0.05); β-glucosidase (r = 0.978, P < 0.05), and others. Changes in biological activities occurred mainly in the upper soil layer (0–50 mm depth) in spite of the short duration of the experiment. Biological activities could be used as practical biological indicators to apply the more appropriate management systems for increasing soil sustainability or productivity.     

Soil carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems

In semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems, low and erratic annual rainfall together with the widespread use of mouldboard ploughing (conventional tillage, CT), as the main traditional tillage practice, has led to a depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) and with increases in CO₂ emissions from soil to the atmosphere. In this study, we evaluated the viability of conservation tillage: RT, reduced tillage (chisel and cultivator ploughing) and, especially, NT (no-tillage) to reduce short-term (from 0 to 48 h after a tillage operation) and mid-term (from 0 h to several days since tillage operation) tillage-induced CO₂ emissions. The study was conducted in three long-term tillage experiments located at different sites of the Ebro river valley (NE Spain) across a precipitation gradient. Soils were classified as: Fluventic Xerocrept, Typic Xerofluvent and Xerollic Calciorthid. Soil temperature and water content were also measured in order to determine their influence on tillage-induced CO₂ fluxes. The majority of the CO₂ flux measured immediately after tillage ranged from 0.17 to 6 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹ and was from 3 to 15 times greater than the flux before tillage operations, except in NT where soil CO₂ flux was low and steady during the whole study period. Mid-term CO₂ emission showed a different trend depending on the time of the year in which tillage was implemented. Microclimatic soil conditions (soil temperature and water content) had little impact on soil CO₂ emission following tillage. In the semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems studied, NT had low short-term soil CO₂ efflux compared with other soil tillage systems (e.g., conventional and reduced tillage) and therefore can be recommended to better manage C in soil.     

张家口市污水处理厂植物景观设计

以张家口市污水处理厂植物景观设计为例,通过对工厂环境设计理念的分析,介绍了在厂区不同区域采用适宜的植物品种及各具特色的植物配植方式,通过植物造景来营造一个清新、优美、舒适的现代花园式厂区环境.     

玉米免耕播种机漏播补偿方法对比研究

为解决玉米免耕播种机播种作业时存在漏播的问题,针对漏播自补偿和漏播辅助补偿方法进行了对比研究。对水平圆盘排种器的排种性能进行试验,获取了排种器在不同排种盘转速和播种粒距下排种合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数。由漏播自补偿补种性能分析可得,在排种口检测漏播信号进行加速补种,补种的实际粒距LPR>1.5L,补种粒距依然为漏播,无法实现漏播补偿功能,若在种子脱离排种口之前检测到漏播信号,提前做好加速准备再进行补种,可实现漏播自补偿功能。由漏播自补偿试验可知,漏播自补偿受播种速度和播种粒距影响较大,在播种粒距为20、25cm,播种速度不大于5km/h时,补种合格率不小于88%,在播种粒距为15cm或播种速度大于5km/h时,补种合格率较低;由漏播辅助补偿补种性能试验可知,在播种速度3~7km/h,粒距15~25cm下,补种成功率不小于89%,在播种速度不大于5km/h,补种合格率不小于96%。为了保证补种位置精确,采用漏播辅助补偿装置进行补种,〖JP2〗需合理设计漏播补偿装置安装位置,同时受播种速度、播种粒距、排种盘线速度、投种角的影响,通过合理设计补种装置安装参数后,控制补种装置响应时间t和补偿装置排种盘的线速度vb实现补种位置的精确控制。     

长期少免耕对中国东北玉米农田土壤呼吸及碳氮变化的影响

在黑土区37年不同耕作模式定位试验田,采用原位法比较常规旋耕灭茬起垄（CT）、旋耕留高茬行间深松-少耕（RT）、免耕（NT）和深翻（PT）4种耕作模式土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系,测定土壤总碳氮、无机氮,微生物碳氮的变化。结果表明,玉米生育期间土壤呼吸呈单峰变化,开花期达最大值,生长季平均呼吸速率依次为RT > NT > CT > PT。4个处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率间存在显著指数关系。不同耕作模式0~10 cm土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的38.3%~67.9%,温度敏感性系数Q10范围为2.1~5.3;RT和NT处理显著提高0~20 cm土壤碳氮含量;RT处理在0~20 cm土壤中微生物碳含量均高于CT、NT和PT处理。RT处理土壤呼吸对温度响应提高,RT和NT处理显著增加上层土壤总碳氮含量,利于土壤质量提升。     

免耕和稻草还田对稻田土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响

为了明确稻草还田和免耕等保护性耕作措施对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响,自2008年于广西大学农学院科研基地进行长期定位试验,设置免耕（NT）、免耕+稻草覆盖还田（NT-SMR）、常规耕作+稻草覆盖还田（CT-SMR）、常规耕作（CT）和常规耕作+稻草翻压还田（CT-SR）5个处理,于2018年水稻成熟期测定产量,水稻收获后分层（0~5、5~10和10~20cm）测定土壤肥力。结果表明,稻田不同土层肥力指标均存在显著性差异,总体上表现为0~5、5~10和10~20cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量依次下降。NT-SMR处理显著提高了0~5cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,但降低了土壤速效钾含量。在5~10和10~20cm土层,稻草还田处理的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均优于无稻草还田处理。水稻产量与土壤肥力呈显著正相关。2016年CT-SR处理水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了8.52%和7.99%,在晚季分别显著提高了12.12%和7.55%;2018年NT-SMR处理的水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了17.78%和10.30%,在晚季分别显著提高了13.88%和19.39%。因此,免耕和稻草还田能明显提高稻田耕作层土壤肥力,增加稻谷产量。     

玉米精量施水播种机的研制

研制了一种适合在干旱和半干旱地区种植王米．又能同时施水、施肥的小型播种机。该机的特点是可以根据土壤墒情和农业技术要求，调节每穴施水量、施肥量和播种量；种子和肥料分开，避免了肥料烧苗；开沟器开出的种沟具有鼠道特征，实现了自动覆土，防止了土壤水分的蒸发。     

30年密植免耕茶园茶树生长和茶叶品质调查研究

对重庆市荣昌县30年密植免耕茶园茶树生长和茶叶品质调查分析,结果表明:茶树行间地面、蓬面、蓬内及其地面,这4者间的光照强度差异十分明显。土壤湿度行内比行间高27.6%,土壤pH值行内比行间低11.7%。茶树高度为65cm,其覆盖度为87%。一级骨干枝粗度行边比行内粗32.2%,其数量行边比行内多27.6%。春季发芽密度为2710个/m2,且依地势升高而显著降低。一芽二叶长为3.56cm,其百芽重为17.48g。春季一芽二、三叶蒸青茶样的游离氨基酸为3.91%,茶多酚为24.62%,儿茶素为127.60mg/g,咖啡碱为3.92%,水浸出物为44.78%,灰分为5.58%。产量产值仍处于较高水平,全年干茶产量为3000kg/hm2以上,年产值9452.10元/hm2。     

固定道垄作小麦玉米两用免耕播种机的研制

针对固定道垄作保护性耕作技术推广中缺乏合适播种机具的问题,研制了固定道垄作小麦玉米两用免耕播种机。与之配套的拖拉机轮胎和机具地轮均在垄沟中行走,不压实播种带;播种作业时避开根茬,减少机具的堵塞,同时节省功耗;利用修垄装置对原垄进行修复,修复后松散的垄沿及播种带用组合镇压器镇压。通过调整、更换部分部件可以实现小麦、玉米两用播种。田间试验表明:避茬率达92%以上,对行性能好;修垄圆盘前进偏角为20°~45°时修复效果较好;所播种的小麦苗齐苗壮。该播种机可一次性完成施肥、播种、修垄、镇压等作业,满足在原垄上进行避茬免耕播种的生产要求。     

2BM-2／3型免耕播种机的研制

２ＢＭ-２／３型免耕播种机与小四轮拖拉机相配套，能够一次完成扒秸破茬松土、播种施肥、覆土镇压等作业，播种沟低于地面５ｃｍ左右，还能起到探墒播种的作用。也适应于硬茬地和翻耕地，对麦茬地按时间复播玉米、大豆、向日葵等作物也有重要意义。