东北三省和浙江木耳稳定同位素特征与产地溯源

为探究稳定同位素在黑木耳产地溯源中的可行性,本研究从东北(黑龙江、吉林、辽宁)、浙江产地采集74份代表性黑木耳样品,从新疆采集11份代表性黑木耳样品作为外部验证,采用元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱仪测定δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值,结合化学计量学方法进行产地溯源判定。结果表明,东北黑木耳δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值分别为-24.5‰～-22.7‰、-0.9‰～3.1‰、-62.2‰～-34.6‰、15.9‰～19.4‰;浙江黑木耳δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值分别为-26.2‰～-24.5‰、-0.9‰～1.2‰、-24.9‰～-9.0‰、19.9‰～22.2‰,两产地黑木耳δ¹⁵N值差异不显著(P>0.05),δ¹³C、δ²H和...     

奶粉中三聚氰胺含量的NIR检测技术

以奶粉为原料,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立奶粉中添加的三聚氰胺含量的预测模型,旨在利用近红外分析方法无损、快速、准确的特点,探究其在奶粉掺假识别中应用的可行性。结果表明:大梯度模型覆盖范围广,模型参数Rc为0.9997,Rp为0.9996,RMSEP为0.245,RMSEC为0.275,RMSEC/RMSEP为1.122,模型线性关系良好,预测值与实际值拟合良好,在较大浓度情况下可以应用于未知样品中三聚氰胺含量的检测;小梯度预测模型受仪器检测限的影响,Rc为0.9991,Rp为1.0000,虽然线性关系良好,但是模型参数RMSEP为0.176,RMSEC为0.0275,RMSEC/RMSEP为0.156,预测值与实际值的拟合情况不理想,无法实现三聚氰胺含量的精确预测,实际应用中具有一定的局限性,但可以对其是否掺假正确定性。     

基于可见/近红外反射光谱的梨树叶片钾含量的快速测定研究

利用可见/近红外反射光谱定量分析技术对梨树鲜叶钾素含量进行快速测定研究。对150个梨树叶片样本进行光谱扫描,其中120个做建模集,30个做验证集。通过对样品的可见/近红外光谱进行多种预处理,并建立钾素预测模型,探讨了可见/近红外光谱数据预处理对预测精度的影响。结果表明,通过原始光谱与S-G(3)平滑相结合的预处理方法,用17个主成分建立的偏最小二乘法模型最好,其交叉验证集和预测集模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.722 7和0.679 1,交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.171,预测的平均相对误差为6.81%,能高效、快速地预测梨树叶片钾素含量,为梨树钾素快速测定提供了新的手段。     

Hyper-spectral estimation of wheat biomass after alleviating of soil effects on spectra by non-negative matrix factorization

Hyper-spectral technology has been proven to be an effective method for the fast and non-destructive monitoring of crop biomass. However, the biomass estimation accuracy of this method is limited due to the effects of background factors, such as soils and water. In this study, a spectral separation method, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), was proposed to alleviate the effects of soil on spectra. With the application of the NMF method, pure vegetation spectra were extracted from the field-observed spectra of wheat canopy, which were collected in four growing seasons from the tillering to the booting stages of wheat. Then, prediction models of wheat biomass (WB) were established and validated using the extracted spectra with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The results showed that the NMF method could effectively separate the vegetation spectra from the mixed canopy spectra. Based on the extracted vegetation spectra, the WB prediction accuracy could be greatly improved with an increase of 31.7% for the R²_p and an increase of 46.6% for the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) as compared to the original spectra, indicating that the NMF method could significantly improve the performance of the WB prediction model. This method has potential application in the estimation of biomass using remote sensing technology.     

变量筛选方法对郁闭度遥感估测模型的影响比较

比较基于偏最小二乘回归的Bootstrap方法与传统的平均残差平方和(RMSq)准则所选变量建立模型的精度差别.结果表明:Bootstrap方法是一种更优秀的变量筛选方法,比RMSq方法精度提高约5%;而且它不受变量多带来的运算困难的限制,更便于实际应用.     

耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机的日参照蒸散量模拟计算

针对传统最小二乘支持向量机模型的训练速度慢、不易在线训练、计算量大及参数选择困难等缺陷,提出采用耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机算法,建立基于耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机的参照作物蒸散量预测模型。选取陕西省的榆林、安康和西安气象站监测的1971-2014年气象资料进行模型训练、测试与验证,研究气象监测获取原始数据作为网络输入,参照蒸散量ET0为输出,构建CSA-LSSVM预测模型,并将CSA-LS-SVM预测结果与LSSVM模型及经典ET0模型模拟计算结果进行比较。结果表明,CSA-LS-SVM模型模拟计算精度和总ET0模拟模型都优于LSSVM模型及其他经典模型模拟结果。该研究CSA-LS-SVM模型为陕西地区气象资料缺乏情况下ET0精确计算提供科学依据,为作物需水量的智能决策提供参考。     

基于近红外技术的落叶松木材密度预测模型

运用近红外光谱对落叶松(Larix gemelinii Rupr)样品密度进行了研究,分别运用偏最小二乘法及主成分回归建立预测模型,并用建立的模型分别对每一个样品进行了预测。基于偏最小二乘法的校正模型及验证模型相关系数分别为0.964和0.918,校正标准误差及预测标准误差分别为0.016和0.021,模型预测值与实测值决定系数为0.93;主成分回归模型中,校正模型及验证模型相关系数分别为0.954和0.911,校正标准误差及预测标准误差分别为0.017和0.023,模型预测值与实测值决定系数为0.91。研究表明:基于主成分回归法与偏最小二乘法的近红外光谱分析建模,都可以实现对落叶松木材密度的有效预测,但相比较而言,偏最小二乘法略优于主成分回归法,所建立的模型对落叶松木材密度预测更加准确可靠。     

利用FTIR和化学计量学对牛肝菌亲缘关系的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同种牛肝菌亲缘关系进行研究,为该种群亲缘关系鉴定提供依据,同时为人工栽培牛肝菌奠定理论基础。采集12个种类72份牛肝菌样品的红外光谱,采用二阶导数(2D)、标准正态(SNV)变量和小波压缩(WC)等方法对牛肝菌的原始红外光谱进行优化处理,结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立鉴别模型。将PLS-DA得到的前8个主成分数据作为提取数据代入系统聚类分析(HCA),获得亲缘关系树状图。结果显示:12种牛肝菌的原始红外光谱较为相似,共有峰主要归属为蛋白质、多糖、纤维素和氨基酸等物质中OH、C=O、C-O-H、C=O、C-C等官能团的吸收峰。对比不同优化处理的鉴别结果,发现2D+WC预处理方法对不同种类牛肝菌区分效果较好。HCA亲缘关系树状图表明,按照物种层面划分,中华牛肝菌和远东疣柄牛肝菌亲缘关系最近,且2种牛肝菌与圆花孢牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;深褐牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;小美牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌亲缘关系较近,且2种牛肝菌与栗色牛肝菌亲缘关系较近。傅里叶变换红外光谱法可应用于牛肝菌的亲缘关系分析,能为野生食用菌的亲缘关系研究提供一种新方法。     

Optimization potential for perception-oriented appearance classification by simulated sawing of computed tomography-scanned logs of Norway spruce

Abstract

Wood, as a natural material, has favourable properties in both technical and aesthetic aspects. Due to its inherent variability, production of high-quality sawn timber demands adequate control of log conversion, which is feasible with computed tomography (CT) log scanning. Existing appearance grading rules for sawn timber might not fully reflect people's visual perception of wood surfaces, and therefore, an alternative, more perception-oriented appearance classification could be beneficial. An appearance classification of sawn timber based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of knot-pattern variables was developed and tested. Knot-pattern variables derived from images of board faces were used in training PLS-DA models against an initial classification of the board faces previously established by aid of cluster analysis. Virtual board faces obtained from simulated breakdown of 57 CT-scanned Norway spruce logs were graded according to the developed classification. Visual assessment of the grading results indicated that the classification was largely consistent with human perception of board appearance. An initial estimation of the potential to optimize log rotation, based on CT data, for the established appearance grades was derived from the simulations. Considerable potential to increase the yield of a desired appearance grade, compared to conventional log positioning, was observed.     

Height–diameter equations for boreal tree species in Ontario using a mixed-effects modeling approach

Height–diameter relationships based on stand characteristics (trees/ha, basal area, and dominant stand height) were investigated for balsam fir, balsam poplar, black spruce, jack pine, red pine, trembling aspen, white birch, and white spruce using data from permanent growth study plots in northern Ontario, Canada. Approximately half the data were used to estimate model parameters with the rest used for model evaluation. Multiple Chapman–Richards functions with parameters expressed in terms of various stand characteristics were fit to determine the best models for predicting height.