基于正交多项式作最小二乘曲线拟合的水位流量率定系统设计与实现

为了提高灌区水资源管理水平,在“河渠电子数字水位流量计”水位流量率定系统中,通过对水位流量率定曲线的研究,利用加权正交多项式作最小二乘曲线拟合的算法,设计出了能较好反应水位流量关系的曲线,并可根据需要对曲线进行调整、拖拽。该系统以电子水尺读取水位为基础数据,通过率定的曲线生成水位流量对照表,计算出瞬时水量、累计水量,生成日报表、月报表,同时可对任意渠道的用水情况进行查询,方便水文工作者及时作出决策,合理进行水资源的配置。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)七个引进群体生长性能评估

为了对凡纳滨对虾7个引进群体的生长性能进行评估,通过巢式交配和人工授精的方式,用2011年源自不同国家和地区的7个凡纳滨对虾群体建立了130个全同胞家系,包括17个杂交组合(正反交合并)和7个自交组合。各家系的仔虾、幼虾经中间暂养和标记后混合,在河北黄骅(HBHH)和青岛鳌山(QDAS)两个养殖场养殖,测定了153日龄虾体质量性状。用混合线性模型估计不同群体和家系体质量最小二乘均值,计算不同杂交组合杂种优势率,评估不同群体和杂交组合的生长性能。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾各群体体质量变异系数变化范围为13%～26%;UA5、UA4和SIN三个群体为亲本的153日龄虾体质量最小二乘均值均较高,分别比群体均值高5.34%、2.51%和1.67%,是体质量性状育种的优良亲本;杂交组合均值(18.14 g)比自交组合(17.17 g)高5.65%,杂交组合UA4×UA5体质量最小二乘均值最高(19.52 g),比杂交组合均值高7.61%;组合杂种优势率在-1.77%～11.72%,均值为5.45%,大部分杂交组合(>75%)存在正向杂种优势,UA1×UA2杂交组合杂种优势率最高。研究结果有助于提高凡纳滨对虾生长性能遗传选择的准确性,并为实现良种选育奠定基础。     

Investigation of fungal development in maize kernels using NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate data analysis

Near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging and hyperspectral image analysis were evaluated for their potential to track changes in fungal contamination on and fungal activity immediately under the surface of whole maize kernels (Zea mays L.) infected with Fusarium verticillioides. Hyperspectral images of clean and infected kernels were acquired using a SisuChema hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system with a spectral range of 1000–2498 nm at predetermined time intervals after infection. Background, bad pixels and shading of acquired absorbance images were removed using exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). When plotting PC4 against PC5, with percentage sum of squares (%SS) 0.49% and 0.34%, three distinct clusters were apparent in the score plot and this was associated with degree of infection. Loading line plots, with prominent peaks at 1900 nm and 2136 nm, confirmed that the source of variation was due to changes in starch and protein. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models, with time as the Y variable, were calculated and also indicated that changes over time were apparent. Variable importance plots (VIP) confirmed the peaks observed in the PCA loading line plots. More systematic future experiments are needed to confirm this, but it can already be concluded that early detection of fungal contamination and activity is possible.     

连续小波变换下红外光谱法定量分析水溶液成分的算法研究

由于纯水独特的吸光度光谱特性,常见的定量分析方法 对水溶液的吸光度光谱进行定量分析时,效果并不理想,误差较大,稳定性不高.在迭代最小二乘算法的基础上,结合连续小波变换理论,提出了一种改进的处理水溶液定量分析问题的算法.该算法利用了连续小波变换多尺度提高光谱的分辨率的特性,有效地提高了利用物质的吸光度光谱,对水溶液定量分...     

Wheat yield and tillage-straw management system × year interaction explained by climatic co-variables for an irrigated bed planting system in northwestern Mexico

Wheat is an important food and income source and estimated demand for wheat in the developing world is projected to increase substantially. The objectives of this study were to gain insight into (i) the effect of tillage-straw system on yield and yield components (number of grains per m² and thousand kernel weight), (ii) the relation between climatic conditions and yield and yield components, (iii) the explanation of tillage-straw system × year interaction for yield and yield components by climatic co-variables. Wheat grain yield and yield components were measured in a long-term trial established in 1992 under irrigated, arid conditions in northwestern Mexico. Five tillage-straw management systems (conventionally tilled raised beds [CTB] with straw incorporated and permanent raised beds [PB] with straw burned, removed, partly retained or fully retained) were compared for a wheat-maize rotation. Daily climatic data were averaged over six periods corresponding approximately to advancing wheat growth stages. The PB-straw retained and PB-straw removed had the highest yields (average yield of 7.31 and 7.24 t ha⁻¹, respectively) and grains per m². The PB-straw burned had the lowest yield (average yield of 6.65 t ha⁻¹) and grains per m², but the highest thousand kernel weight. Maximum temperature was positively correlated to final grain yield during tillering and head differentiation, but was negatively correlated to thousand kernel weight during grain-filling. For the tillage-straw system year interaction, three groups of management systems were distinguished for yield and grains per m²: PB-straw burned, CTB-straw incorporated and PB where straw is not burned. The CTB-straw incorporated had a positive interaction with year in favorable years with high radiation and evapotranspiration. The PB-straw burned was relatively more affected by excess water conditions and showed positive interactions in years with high relative humidity. The PB-straw retained was the most stable in different climatic conditions, indicating that this management system could contribute to maintaining wheat yield in a changing climate scenario.     

利用FTIR和化学计量学对牛肝菌亲缘关系的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同种牛肝菌亲缘关系进行研究,为该种群亲缘关系鉴定提供依据,同时为人工栽培牛肝菌奠定理论基础。采集12个种类72份牛肝菌样品的红外光谱,采用二阶导数(2D)、标准正态(SNV)变量和小波压缩(WC)等方法对牛肝菌的原始红外光谱进行优化处理,结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立鉴别模型。将PLS-DA得到的前8个主成分数据作为提取数据代入系统聚类分析(HCA),获得亲缘关系树状图。结果显示:12种牛肝菌的原始红外光谱较为相似,共有峰主要归属为蛋白质、多糖、纤维素和氨基酸等物质中OH、C=O、C-O-H、C=O、C-C等官能团的吸收峰。对比不同优化处理的鉴别结果,发现2D+WC预处理方法对不同种类牛肝菌区分效果较好。HCA亲缘关系树状图表明,按照物种层面划分,中华牛肝菌和远东疣柄牛肝菌亲缘关系最近,且2种牛肝菌与圆花孢牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;深褐牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;小美牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌亲缘关系较近,且2种牛肝菌与栗色牛肝菌亲缘关系较近。傅里叶变换红外光谱法可应用于牛肝菌的亲缘关系分析,能为野生食用菌的亲缘关系研究提供一种新方法。     

基于高光谱数据的高寒草地土壤有机碳预测模型研究

土壤退化是草地退化的更深层次指示,运用遥感手段大面积测定土壤有机碳进而评估草地土壤状况有助于对草地退化状态的正确认识。以甘南州高寒草地土壤为研究对象,使用ASD地物光谱仪,在室内条件下对土壤样品进行可见光/近红外光谱测量,分析8种光谱变换形式与土壤有机碳含量的相关性并选取特征波段,利用3种多元回归方法(逐步多元线性回归、主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归),通过验证样本的决定系数(R_v²)、均方根误差(RMSE)和剩余估计偏差(RPD)来评价模型,进而确定高寒草地土壤有机碳的最佳估测模型。结果表明,微分变换方法可以显著提高光谱特征与土壤有机碳含量的相关性,在所有变换形式中以光谱反射率的一阶微分与土壤有机碳含量相关性最好,最大相关系数绝对值为0.865;基于光谱反射率一阶微分变换形式的3种多元回归方法对土壤有机碳均有极好的预测能力,表明对于土壤有机碳的稳定监测来说光谱反射率的一阶微分是非常有效的变换形式;综合考虑基于所有光谱变换形式的3种多元回归方法的预测结果,偏最小二乘回归法具有高的R_v²和RPD,同时具有低的RMSE值,是研究区土壤有机碳估测的最优回归方法;基于光谱反射率对数的一阶微分变换形式所建立的偏最小二乘回归模型具有相对较高的预测集决定系数(R_v²=0.878)、最大剩余估计偏差(RPD=2.946)和最小均方根误差(RMSE=7.520),因此该模型为甘南高寒草地土壤有机碳的最优估测模型,最优模型的RPD大于2.5说明该模型有足够的稳定性可以应用于其他地区土壤有机碳的估测。     

我国主要牧区牧业生产效率及影响因素研究——基于DEA-CLAD的两阶段模型

为了解我国牧区牧业生产增长潜力,利用标准化的220个主要牧区牧场数据构建DEA模型和Tobit、CLAD模型,对牧业生产效率及政府培训、合作社、土地流转、气候带、经营方式等影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:1)我国牧区牧业生产技术效率和规模效率总体偏低,提升空间大,在不同气候带和经营模式下分布差异显著;2)经条件矩检验和LM统计量检验发现,传统Tobit模型扰动项的正态性和同方差性假设在一般情况下难以满足,选用CLAD模型分析影响因素更稳健;3)参加政府培训与合作社,优化从业人员年龄结构,提升从业人员学历、专业化程度、远行距离,有助于生产效率的提高。     

生物炭对烤烟生长及烟叶质量的影响

为了改善烟叶质量,探讨最适宜的生物炭施用量,系统阐明生物炭对烤烟生长及烟叶质量的影响。以云烟87为试验材料,通过田间试验研究了3种不同生物炭施用量(3 000 kg/hm~2、3 750 kg/hm~2、4 500kg/hm~2)对烤烟生长及烟叶质量的影响,并利用R语言构建了偏最小二乘路径模型。结果表明:施用生物炭能显著降低烤烟黑胫病发病率及病害指数,较低水平的生物炭施用水平能促进烤烟生育前期的生长及根系发育,协调烟叶化学成分;生物炭施用量过高时对烟叶质量产生负面影响。偏最小二乘路径模型明确了施用生物炭后烤烟生长及烟叶质量各指标之间的关系,系统地阐明了生物炭促进烤烟生长及烟叶质量的作用机制。综合来看,最适宜的生物炭施用量为3 750 kg/hm~2。     

土壤有机质含量可见-近红外光谱反演模型校正集优选方法

土壤有机质含量可见-近红外光谱反演过程中校正集的构建策略对模型的预测精度有重要影响。以江汉平原洪湖地区水稻土为研究对象,采用Kennard-Stone(KS)法,Rank-KS(RKS)和Sample set Partitioning based on joint X-Y distance(SPXY)法,构建样本数占总校正集不同比例的子校正集,通过偏最小二乘回归,建立土壤有机质含量的可见—近红外光谱反演模型。结果表明:KS法无法提高模型预测精度,但可以在保证标准差与预测均方根误差比(ratio of performance to standard deviation,RPD)2.0的前提下减少30%的校正样本;基于SPXY法的模型,当子校正集样本比例为总校正集的50%时达到最佳的模型预测精度,RPD为2.557;RKS法能够在保证预测精度的情况下(RPD2.0),最多减少总校正集70%的样本,对应模型RPD为2.212。当校正集与验证集的有机质含量分布相近时,能够以较少的建模样本达到与总校正集相近甚至更高的模型预测精度,提升土壤有机质光谱反演模型的实用性。