基于GIS的绿洲土壤含水量空间变异性研究

干旱区降水稀少 ,气候干燥 ,土壤水分成为维持地表植被的重要因素之一。由于不同区域受地形、土壤特性、地下水位等的影响不同 ,其土壤含水量的分布也有很大的差异性。因此 ,为深入分析干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的空间变异性及其分布趋势 ,通过实测土壤含水量数据 ,利用地理信息系统的空间分析方法 ,研究了三工河流域土壤含水量的空间变异特征 ,并对其分布规律进行了探讨和评估 ,其目的是为了深入了解干旱区土壤水分变化规律及其对植被的影响。     

吉林省近20年土地利用变化及驱动力分析

本文在 GIS平台支持下 ,分析了近 2 0年来吉林省土地利用变化的空间格局 ,阐明了耕地变化的人文驱动力。结果表明 ,1 980 - 2 0 0 0年 ,吉林省土地利用变化主要趋势为草地、林地、未利用地转化为耕地 ,其中草地向耕地的转化占总变化面积的 35 .0 1 % ,动态度最大。人文景观的影响程度有所增强。吉林省土地利用变化空间差异明显 ,西部变化较为剧烈。草地和未利用地转为耕地主要分布在西北部地区 ,林地转耕地多分布在森林边缘地带 ,耕地向城镇用地转化主要分布在中部城市聚集区 ,西部地区部分草地退化导致其向未利用地转化。人口增加、经济发展和宏观政策是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

基于遥感、GIS的内蒙古沙漠和沙质荒漠化研究

利用内蒙古20世纪80年代末和2000年两期TM影像数据为信息源,提取两期 沙质荒漠化数据的基础上,深入分析了2000年全区沙质荒漠化现状,同时统计计算了内蒙古 中部地区十年内不同程度沙质荒漠化土地之间的转换面积,采用转移矩阵法和数学模型法,建 立了20世纪80年代末—2000年沙质荒漠化土地转移矩阵和动态度。得出如下结论:①内蒙 古土地沙质荒漠化严重,沙质荒漠化土地面积(含沙漠和潜在沙质荒漠化土地)占全区总面积 的67.72%;②沙质荒漠化土地的分布具有明显的纬度地带性规律,根据遥感影像特征及影像 解译结果可分三个纬度带,即呼伦贝尔沙质荒漠化带(48°—52°N)、阴山后山—浑善达克—科 尔沁沙质荒漠化带(42°—44°N)、阿拉善—毛乌素沙质荒漠化带(38°—40°N);③内蒙古中部地 区是沙质荒漠化严重且强烈发展的地区,中度以上沙质荒漠化土地占该地区总面积的22%以 上;④内蒙古中部地区80年代末至2000年间沙质荒漠化土地净增约10万hm2;⑤轻度风蚀 荒漠化土地增加了121011.45hm2,中度风蚀荒漠化土地增加了327831.59hm2,强烈和严重沙 质荒漠化土地分别增加了402497.13hm2和143998.67hm2;⑥沙质荒漠化的强烈发展,严重制 约着自治区社会经济的稳定、持续的发展,也威胁?     

蔗扁蛾在中国的适生性分布研究初报

本文根据蔗扁蛾生物学及生态学特性的研究,利用地理信息系统Arc View 3.2分析预测了该虫在中国的可能适生分布范围.结果表明,蔗扁蛾在中国可能的最适宜分布范围大体在16.5～27.9°N,97.8～119.7°E,涉及华南、西南地区的7个省(自治区)的79个县(市或地区);潜在适宜分布范围大体在22.9～37.1°N,91.1～122.7°E范围内,涉及华东、华南、西南、华中、西北、华北共19个省(自治区、直辖市)的240个县(市或地区).     

基于GIS的西部生态脆弱区居民点空间信息分析研究

本文运用GIS的空间分析的一些基本技术,在1∶25万国家基础地理数据、TM影像、土地利用详查等数据整理的基础上,对西部贫困和生态脆弱的典型地区—甘肃省陇西县作了相关的空间分析研究,研究方法采用VBS语言以及ArcWorkstation的AO环境下AML语言开发,提取了陇西县居民点的经纬度、高程、坡度和坡向、居民地与水系分布的相关信息,并在此基础上对提取出的空间信息作了相应的分析。最后通过相关分析得出陇西县居民点分布空间属性的相关系数矩阵。本研究方法为位于我国西部生态脆弱地区甘肃省陇西县居民点的生态移民、城镇和乡村体系规划提供科学依据。     

近10年塔里木河流域土地利用/土地覆被变化与人口因素关系研究

根据1990年、2000年两期土地利用现状图,运用地理信息系统软件ArcInfo、Arcview以及统计软件,提取、分析塔里木河流域41个县市1990-2000年土地利用/土地覆被的时空变化(LUCC)情况和土地利用程度综合指数。运用SPSS等统计软件,分析并建立土地利用程度人口分异模型,探讨了该研究区LUCC与人口因素的关系。此模型不仅可用于现阶段研究区LUCC分析,还可以根据人口变化趋势进行土地利用程度的变化趋势分析。这对塔河流域土地资源的有效利用和管理具有积极的意义。     

Wildfires and landscape patterns in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula

The relations between disturbance regime and landscape patterns have been developed from a theoretical perspective, but few studies have tested these relations when forces promoting opposing heterogeneity patterns are simultaneously operating on a landscape. This work provides quantitative evidence of these relations in areas dominated by human activity, showing that landscape heterogeneity decreases disturbance spread. In turn, disturbance introduces a source of landscape heterogeneity, but it is not enough to counterbalance the homogeneity trend due to agricultural abandonment. Land cover changes and wildfire occurrence (fires larger than 0.3 km²) have been monitored in the Tivissa municipality (208.4 km²) (Catalonia, NE Spain) from 1956 to 1993. Land cover maps were obtained from 1956, 1978 and 1993 and they were overlaid with fire occurrence maps obtained for the 1975–1995 period from 60 m resolution remote sensing images, which allow the identification of burned areas by sudden drops in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Changes in landscape patterns in relation to fire regime have been analyzed considering several parameters: patch density, mean patch size, mean distance to the nearest neighbour of the same category, edge density, and the Shannon diversity index. In the 1956–1993 period there is a trend to increasing landscape homogenization due to the expansion of shrub­lands linked to a decrease in forest surface, and to the abandonment of agricultural lands. This trend, however, is not constant along all the period. Fires are more likely to occur in woody, homogenous areas, increasing landscape heterogeneity, as observed in the 1978–1993 period. This increase in heterogeneity does not counterbalance the general trend to landscape homogenization as a consequence of agricultural abandonment and the coalescence of natural vegetation patches.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Landscape pattern in topographically complex landscapes: issues and techniques for analysis

Ecological research provides ample evidence that topography can exert a significant influence on the processes shaping broad-scale landscape vegetation patterns. Studies that ignore this influence run the risk of misinterpreting observations and making inappropriate recommendations to the management community. Unfortunately, the standard methods for landscape pattern analysis are not designed to include topography as a pattern-shaping factor. In this paper, we present a set of techniques designed to incorporate the topographic mosaic into analyses of landscape pattern and dynamics. This toolbox includes adjustments to classic landscape indices that account for non-uniform landscape topography, indices that capture associations and directionality in vegetation pattern due to topographic structure, and the application of statistical models to describe relationships between topographic characteristics and vegetation pattern. To illustrate these methods, we draw on examples from our own analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in logged and unlogged forest landscapes in southwestern British Columbia. These examples also serve to illustrate the importance of considering topography in both research and management applications.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling the effects of forest harvesting on landscape structure and the spatial distribution of cowbird brood parasitism

Timber harvesting affects both composition and structure of the landscape and has important consequences for organisms using forest habitats. A timber harvest allocation model was constructed that allows the input of specific rules to allocate forest stands for clearcutting to generate landscape patterns reflecting the look and feel of managed landscapes. Various harvest strategies were simulated on four 237 km² study areas in Indiana, USA. For each study area, the model was applied to simulate 80 years of management activity. The resulting landscape spatial patterns were quantified using a suite of landscape pattern metrics and plotted as a function of mean harvest size and total area of forest harvested per decade to produce response surfaces. When the mean clearcut size was 1 ha, the area of forest interior remaining on the landscape was dramatically reduced and the amount of forest edge on the landscape increased dramatically. The potential consequences of the patterns produced by the model were assessed for a generalized neotropical migrant forest bird using a GIS model that generates maps showing the spatial distribution of the relative vulnerability of forest birds to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds. The model incorporates the location and relative quality of cowbird feeding sites, and the relation between parasitism rates and distance of forest from edge. The response surface relating mean harvest size and total area harvested to the mean value of vulnerability to cowbird brood parasitism had a shape similar to the response surfaces showing forest edge. The results of our study suggest that it is more difficult to maintain large contiguous blocks of undisturbed forest interior when harvests are small and dispersed, especially when producing high timber volumes is a management goal. The application of the cowbird model to landscapes managed under different strategies could help managers in deciding where harvest activity will produce the least negative impact on breeding forest birds.     

Analysis of historic landscape patterns with a Geographical Information System — a methodological outline

Various methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing historic land use records by means of electronic data processing are evaluated. The procedures are illustrated with data from a pilot study on the Swiss Plateau which is part of a broader landscape historical monitoring program at the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. The land use matrix was derived from topographic maps, aerial photographs and other land use records and spans approximately 100 yrs with an updating cycle of 7 to 20 yrs. A special technique was developed to generate series of digital maps and to superimpose the data layers of various time steps. Each landscape element is described with time-stamped attributes to ensure access to the entire life history from any point in space or time. The proposed data model proved to be a powerful tool for routine updating of digital maps. It can be used by practitioners as well as scientists working with Geographical Information Systems (ARC/INFO or similar package). With this procedure, disturbance maps over any number of available updates can be quickly generated, allowing the user to identify zones of similar degrading or upgrading tendency. The procedures for analyzing changing landscape structures include calculation of information theoretic indices (diversity, dominance), calculation of fractals, edge analysis, as well as landscape assessment along random traverses. The latter proved to be especially powerful, where barrier/habitat frequencies were evaluated. On the basis of all parameters calculated, landscape structures on the study plot seem to be ecologically most favorable in the 1930's followed by a strong degradation in the World War II - and the post-World War II period. In contrast to many hypotheses, the landscape structures in the second half of the 19th century were structurally less favorable than between 1900 and 1930.