Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

Study on Mismatched Engagement of Hourglass Worm Gearing with The Worm Generated by A Cone and The Wheel Generdted by A Straight Profile Hob

A method to make the hourglass worm gearing with the property of mismatchedpoint contact has been proposed.The worm and the hob of the worm gearing is generated by a coneand a straight line located on the cone respectively. The basic principle of the worm gearing has beenanalysed. The formulas for calcultating the machining parameters has been obtained. And the toothcontact of the worm gearing has been investigated.The result shows that this worm gearing could getopint contact well.     

红蓼提取物对13种农业害虫触杀活性的研究

关于红蓼提取物对农业害虫的触杀活性,国内外研究甚少。研究红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,可为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。本研究采用浸渍法测定了红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫、菜粉蝶、棉铃虫、甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和小地老虎4~5龄幼虫具有很强的触杀活性,在16.80 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率在87.50%~100%;对小菜蛾3龄幼虫也具有很强的触杀活性,在21.00 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为92.85%;秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫和粘虫5龄幼虫具有很强和较强的触杀活性,在33.60 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率分别为100%和59.20%。盛花期茎秆石油醚粗提物对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,在0.27 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为51.65%。盛花期花石油醚和甲醇粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的触杀活性,在0.13和1.15 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率均高达100%。     

Estimating the level of disease risk and biosecurity on commercial poultry farms in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Aims: To collect baseline data on the contact risk pathways and biosecurity practices of commercial poultry farms in New Zealand, investigate the relationship between the farm-level disease contact risks and biosecurity practices, and identify important poultry health concerns of producers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of all registered New Zealand commercial poultry operations was conducted in 2016 collecting information on farm demographics, biosecurity practices, and contact risk pathways. Survey responses were used to generate an unweighted subjective disease risk score based on eight risk criteria and a subjective biosecurity score based on the frequency with which producers reported implementing seven biosecurity measures. Producer opinions towards poultry health issues were also determined.

Results: Responses to the survey response were obtained from 120/414 (29.0%) producers, including 57/157 (36.3%) broiler, 33/169 (19.5%) layer, 24/55 (44%) breeder, and 6/32 (19%) other poultry production types. Median disease risk scores differed between production types (p?<?0.001) and were lowest for breeder enterprises. The greatest risk for layer and broiler enterprises was from the potential movement of employees between sheds, and for breeder enterprises was the on- and off-farm movement of goods and services. Median biosecurity scores also differed between production types (p?<?0.001), and were highest for breeder and broiler enterprises. Across all sectors there was no statistical correlation between biosecurity scores and disease risk scores. Producers showed a high level of concern over effectively managing biosecurity measures.

Conclusions: The uptake of biosecurity measures in the commercial poultry farms surveyed was highly variable, with some having very low scores despite significant potential disease contact risks. This may be related to the low prevalence or absence of many important infectious poultry diseases in New Zealand leading farmers to believe there is a limited need to maintain good biosecurity as well as farmer uncertainty around the efficacy of different biosecurity measures. Further research is needed to understand barriers towards biosecurity adoption including evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity interventions.     

植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油,本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照,以柑橘木虱为试虫,分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用,其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强,可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用,拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上,植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果,可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

几种化学药剂和微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性

本研究比较了5种化学药剂和4种微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性,并在此基础上进一步探究了化学药剂与微生物菌剂复合使用的效果.结果 表明,在5种供试化学药剂推荐浓度条件下,70％噁霉灵可湿性粉剂26.92 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果最好,72 h的校正死亡率可达87.32％,20％噻唑膦水乳剂6.06 g/L与41...     

防治红火蚁触杀型药剂的筛选

测定了9种杀虫剂的触杀活性和其中8种药剂对红火蚁工蚁的致死中浓度,触杀活性测试表明,48%毒死蜱对工蚁的击倒速度和致死率均高,药后0.5 h工蚁死亡率达100%;氨基甲酸酯类药剂药后8 h工蚁的被击倒率达100%;5%氟虫腈10 000倍和10%溴虫腈10 000倍药液处理后工蚁的被击倒速度低,但药后24 h工蚁死亡率达100%;高效氯氰菊酯和杀虫双对工蚁的毒性是可恢复的。毒力测试表明,98%杀螟丹对红火蚁毒力最强,其次是10%溴虫腈和48%毒死蜱,而有机磷类的敌敌畏和氨基甲酸酯类的丁硫克百威毒力表现较差,拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯表现一般。试验结果表明,氟虫腈、溴虫腈、毒死蜱、杀螟丹等药剂可被推荐用于野外红火蚁的灌巢防治。     

机械弹性车轮提高轮胎耐磨性和抓地性分析

为提高轮胎接地性能,对新型机械弹性车轮垂直静态接地特性进行了研究。通过对车轮结构和承载方式进行分析,分别建立了基于Timoshenko圆形梁的车轮外圈弹性圆环模型和基于连续辐板的铰链组模型,并通过非线性有限元法和试验进行了验证。根据所建立的非线性有限元模型对机械弹性车轮和子午线充气轮胎的接地特性进行了对比研究,结果表明机械弹性车轮通过悬毂式承载控制车轮外圈变形,没有胎肩处的应力集中。在载荷为5 000 N时,机械弹性车轮和充气轮胎接地印迹中心0.14 m×0.265 m矩形区域内的接地压力偏度值分别为0.424和0.536 MPa。机械弹性车轮有效降低了接地压力偏度值,改善了轮胎接地的均匀性,提高了车轮耐磨损性能和抓地性能,研究为车轮性能优化提供了参考。     

英语中的汉语借词研究

英语中的汉语借词已有1000多年的历史,以鸦片战争和新中国成立为界,可将这段历史分为三个时期。汉语词汇通过中英直接接触或通过中介语传播,以音译、译借、音译加英语词缀等方式进入英语,并在语音、词形和语义上发生不同程度的同化。英语向汉语的借词是由英语词项缺位和两种语言接触引起的。目前,英语中汉语借词的研究还不够系统且理论化程度较低。     

不同木质纤维原料对PVC木塑复合材料力学性能的影响

选取6种不同木质纤维制备PVC木塑复合材料,分析木质纤维的基本形态参数及表面接触角,对比研究不同木质纤维制备木塑复合材料的综合力学性能。结果表明：木质纤维长度、长径比及接触角值均较高的材种较适合制备木塑复合材料;在6种不同木质纤维中,纤维长度、长径比和接触角分别为266mm、6535和9032°的杉木制备的木塑复合材料综合力学性能最佳,弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度和抗冲击强度分别可达4563、3247、2914MPa和641kJ/m2。