Effect of various polyamines on production of protocorm-like bodies in orchid—Dendrobium ‘Sonia’

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine all at three concentrations viz., 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0 mM were tested, by supplementing to MS basal+4.44 μm BAP medium. The explant used was fractionated plb. Ethylene and methane was measured at 20 and 40 days after inoculation (DAI). Among various polyamines tested, maximum number of plb’s (protocorm-like bodies) were produced in putrescine 0.4 mM treatment. Increase (1.0 mM) or decrease (0.2 mM) in concentration caused a decrease in the production of plb’s. All spermidine and spermine treatments resulted in the production of less number of plb’s than control. No ethylene evolution was observed in any of the polyamine treatments. However, methane evolution was observed in all the polyamine treatments. The absolute amounts, of methane evolved could not be related to the observed plb’s production response. However, when the evolution of methane was more than 1 nmol per gram FW h⁻¹, poor plb’s production was observed.     

亚热带地区蔬菜地甲烷净交换通量研究

农田土壤是大气甲烷(CH_4)的重要源和汇,以往关于农田CH_4净交换通量的研究多关注水稻、小麦、玉米等作物,而蔬菜地的观测研究不足。本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对亚热带地区一块种植包菜的典型露天蔬菜地开展将近1年的田间原位CH_4通量观测,以揭示蔬菜地CH_4净交换通量的周年变化特征及其影响因素,估算CH_4年累积净交换通量,并定量评估CH_4净交换通量的误差。本试验在包菜地的垄上和垄间同时布设观测点进行CH_4通量观测,并对环境因子进行同步测量,观测期为2016年1月1日至12月8日。结果表明,所研究的蔬菜地为大气CH_4的微弱汇,年平均通量为(-9.9±7.0)μg(C)×m~(-2)×h~(-1),全年累积通量为-0.84kg(C)×hm~(-2),较高的土壤水分条件和高施氮量可能是导致本研究蔬菜地CH_4吸收较弱的主要原因。全年CH_4累积通量的总体误差为-48%~-16%,其中,由于通量计算方法引起的系统误差会使估算的通量偏低32%,年尺度上的随机误差大小为16%,主要来自CH_4通量的空间差异,因此可适当增加空间重复,以减小空间随机误差。研究还发现垄上的CH_4吸收通量显著高于垄间(P0.01),因此在开展农田温室气体通量观测时应兼顾垄上和垄间、种植行和行间等农田管理措施存在显著差异的区域,均布设观测点,避免对通量观测结果造成系统性偏差。     

水稻生物学特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响

为了阐明水稻品种与稻田甲烷排放的关系,为培育低甲烷水稻品种提供科学依据。本研究从水稻植株形态特征和生物学特性等方面,论述水稻植株与甲烷排放的关系。水稻根系主要通过根系分泌物和根系泌氧能力二个方面影响甲烷气体的生成和氧化;水稻分蘖特性主要影响甲烷气体的排放;水稻叶片则通过光合作用和蒸腾作用二个方面分别影响甲烷气体的产生和排放;水稻籽粒的灌浆特性主要通过与根系争夺碳水化合物而影响甲烷的产量。这些因素既相互独立又相互协调影响水稻稻田的甲烷排放。     

Methane production in unamended and rice-straw-amended soil at different moisture levels

 CH₄ production in an alluvial soil, unamended or amended with rice straw (1% w/w), was examined under nonflooded [–1.5 MPa, –0.01 MPa and 0 MPa (saturated) and flooded (1 : 1.25 soil to water ratio)] conditions during a 40-day incubation in closed Vacutainer tubes. CH₄ production was negligible at –1.5 MPa, but increased with an increase in the moisture level. Addition of rice straw distinctly increased CH₄ production in the soil at all moisture levels including –1.5 MPa. Evidence, in terms of the drop in redox potential and Fe²⁺ accumulated, suggested that the addition of rice straw hastened the reduction of the soil, even under nonflooded conditions; thus its addition stimulated even the nonflooded soil to produce CH₄ in substantial amounts. Our results indicate that many currently unidentified sources of CH₄, possibly including organic-amended nonflooded soils, may make a significant contribution to the global CH₄ budget. Received: 10 July 1997     

Methane production in a flooded soil in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

 CH₄ production in a flooded soil as affected by elevated atmospheric CO₂ was quantified in a laboratory incubation study. CH₄ production in the flooded soil increased by 19.6%, 28.2%, and 33.4% after a 2-week incubation and by 38.2%, 62.4%, and 43.0% after a 3-week incubation under atmospheres of 498, 820, and 1050 μl l^–1 CO₂, respectively, over that in soil under the ambient CO₂ concentration. CH₄ production in slurry under 690, 920, and 1150 μl l^–1 CO₂ increased by 2.7%, 5.5%, and 5.0%, respectively, after a 3-day incubation, and by 6.7%, 12.8%, and 5.4%, respectively, after a 6-day incubation over that in slurry under the ambient CO₂ concentration. The increase in CH₄ production in the soil slurry under elevated CO₂ concentrations in a N₂ atmosphere was more pronounced than that under elevated CO₂ concentrations in air. These data suggested that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations could promote methanogenic activity in flooded soil. Received: 2 March 1998     

Dynamics of the ruminal microbial ecosystem,and inhibition of methanogenesis and propiogenesis in response to nitrate feeding to Holstein calves

It is known that nitrate inhibits ruminal methanogenesis, mainly through competition with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for available hydrogen (H₂) and also through toxic effects on the methanogens. However, there is limited knowledge about its effects on the others members of ruminal microbiota and their metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary nitrate inclusion on enteric methane (CH₄) emission, temporal changes in ruminal microbiota, and fermentation in Holstein calves. Eighteen animals were maintained in individual pens for 45 d. Animals were randomly allocated to either a control (CTR) or nitrate (NIT, containing 15 g of calcium nitrate/kg dry matter) diets. Methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer method. Ruminal microbiota changes and ruminal fermentation were evaluated at 0, 4, and 8 h post-feeding. In this study, feed dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Diets containing NIT reduced CH₄ emissions by 27% (g/d) and yield by 21% (g/kg DMI) compared to the CTR (P < 0.05). The pH values and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05) but differed with time, and post-feeding (P < 0.05). Increases in the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) and acetate were observed, whereas propionate decreased at 4 h post-feeding with the NIT diet (P < 0.05). Feeding the NIT diet reduced the populations of total bacteria, total methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and the abundance of Succiniclasticum, Coprococcus, Treponema, Shuttlewortia, Succinivibrio, Sharpea, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Selenomona (P < 0.05); whereas, the population of total fungi, protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Atopobium and Erysipelotrichaceae L7A_E11 increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding nitrate reduces enteric CH₄ emissions and the methanogens population, whereas it decreases the propionate concentration and the abundance of bacteria involved in the succinate and acrylate pathways. Despite the altered fermentation profile and ruminal microbiota, DMI was not influenced by dietary nitrate. These findings suggest that nitrate has a predominantly direct effect on the reduction of methanogenesis and propionate synthesis.     

灌溉型水库沿岸区甲烷排放特征——以泥河水库为例

为研究灌溉型水库沿岸区的甲烷排放特征,于2010年5～10月采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了泥河水库沿岸区的甲烷排放通量.结果发现,泥河水库沿岸区的甲烷排放通量为0.08～7.31 mg/(m2·h),平均为3.14 mg/(m2·h),夏季甲烷排放通量最高.甲烷通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,而与水深呈显著负相关关系.水生植物对甲烷排放的影响不显著.研究表明,灌溉活动引起的水深变化会影响沿岸区的甲烷排放,建议在估算灌溉型水库温室气体排放清单时考虑灌溉活动的影响.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.     

Influence of N and non-N salts on atmospheric methane oxidation by upland boreal forest and tundra soils

 The short-term (24 h) and medium-term (30 day) influence of N salts (NH₄Cl, NaNO₃ and NaNO₂) and a non-N salt (NaCl) on first-order rate constants, k (h^–1) and thresholds (C_Th) for atmospheric CH₄ oxidation by homogenized composites of upland boreal forest and tundra soils was assessed at salt additions ranging to 20 μmol g^–1 dry weight (dw) soil. Additions of NH₄Cl, NaNO₃ and NaCl to 0.5 μmol g^–1 dw soil did not significantly decrease k relative to watered controls in the short term. Higher concentrations significantly reduced k, with the degree of inhibition increasing with increasing dose. Similar doses of NH₄Cl and NaCl gave comparable decreases in k relative to controls and both soils showed low native concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N (≤1 μmol g^–1dw soil), suggesting that the reduction in k was due primarily to a salt influence rather than competitive inhibition of CH₄ oxidation by exogenous NH₄ ⁺-N or NH₄ ⁺-N released through cation exchange. The decrease in k was consistently less for NaNO₃ than for NH₄Cl and NaCl at similar doses, pointing to a strong inhibitory effect of the Cl^– counter-anion. Thresholds for CH₄ oxidation were less sensitive to salt addition than k for these three salts, as significant increases in C_Th relative to controls were only observed at concentrations ≥1.0 μmol g^–1 dw soil. Both soils were more sensitive to NaNO₂ than to other salts in the short term, showing a significant decrease in k at an addition of 0.25 μmol NaNO₂ g^–1 dw soil that was clearly attributable to NO₂ ^–. Soils showed no recovery from NaCl, NH₄ ⁺-N or NaNO₃ addition with respect to atmospheric CH₄ oxidation after 30 days. However, soils amended with NaNO₂ to 1.0 μmol NaNO₂ g^–1 dw showed values of k that were not significantly different from controls. Recovery of CH₄-oxidizing ability was due to complete oxidation of NO₂ ^–-N to NO₃ ^–-N. Analysis of soil concentrations of N salts necessary to inhibit atmospheric CH₄ oxidation and regional rates of N deposition suggest that N deposition will not decrease the future sink strength of upland high-latitude soils in the atmospheric CH₄ budget. Received: 30 April 1999     

Potential contribution of Lumbricus terrestris L. to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a forest soil

 Potential effects of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) inoculated into soil on fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were investigated for an untreated and a limed soil under beech in open topsoil columns under field conditions for 120 days. Gas fluxes from L. terrestris, beech litter and mineral soil from soil columns were measured separately in jars at 17  °C. The inoculation with L. terrestris and the application of lime had no effect on cumulative CO₂ emissions from soil. During the first 3–4 weeks earthworms significantly (P<0.05) increased CO₂ emissions by 16% to 28%. In contrast, significantly lower (P<0.05) CO₂ emission rates were measured after 11 weeks. The data suggest that earthworm activity was high during the first weeks due to the creation of burrows and incorporation of beech litter into the mineral soil. Low cumulative CH₄ oxidation rates were found in all soil columns as a result of CH₄ production and oxidation processes. L. terrestris with fresh feces and the beech litter produced CH₄ during the laboratory incubation, whereas the mineral soil oxidised atmospheric CH₄. Inoculation with L. terrestris led to a significant reduction (P<0.02) in the CH₄ oxidation rate of soil, i.e. 53% reduction. Liming had no effect on cumulative CH₄ oxidation rates of soil columns and on CH₄ fluxes during the laboratory incubation. L. terrestris significantly increased (P<0.001) cumulative N₂O emissions of unlimed soil columns by 57%. The separate incubation of L. terrestris with fresh feces resulted in rather high N₂O emissions, but the rate strongly decreased from 54 to 2 μg N kg^–1 (dry weight) h^–1 during the 100 h of incubation. Liming had a marked effect on N₂O formation and significantly (P<0.001) reduced cumulative N₂O emissions by 34%. Although the interaction of liming and L. terrestris was not significant, N₂O emissions of limed soil columns with L. terrestris were 8% lower than those of the control. Received: 2 September 1999