Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, prolonged summer drought and temperature increase on N2O and CH4 fluxes in a temperate heathland

In temperate regions, climate change is predicted to increase annual mean temperature and intensify the duration and frequency of summer droughts, which together with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations, may affect the exchange of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. We report results from the CLIMAITE experiment, where the effects of these three climate change parameters were investigated solely and in all combinations in a temperate heathland. Field measurements of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes took place 1-2 years after the climate change manipulations were initiated. The soil was generally a net sink for atmospheric CH₄. Elevated temperature (T) increased the CH₄ uptake by on average 10 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹, corresponding to a rise in the uptake rate of about 20%. However, during winter elevated CO₂ (CO₂) reduced the CH₄ uptake, which outweighed the positive effect of warming when analyzed across the study period. Emissions of N₂O were generally low (<10 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹). As single experimental factors, elevated CO₂, temperature and summer drought (D) had no major effect on the N₂O fluxes, but the combination of CO₂ and warming (TCO₂) stimulated N₂O emission, whereas the N₂O emission ceased when CO₂ was combined with drought (DCO₂). We suggest that these N₂O responses are related to increased rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ combined with increased and reduced nitrogen turnover rates caused by warming and drought, respectively. The N₂O flux in the multifactor treatment TDCO₂ was not different from the ambient control treatment. Overall, our study suggests that in the future, CH₄ uptake may increase slightly, while N₂O emission will remain unchanged in temperate ecosystems on well-aerated soils. However, we propose that continued exposure to altered climate could potentially change the greenhouse gas flux pattern in the investigated heathland.     

稻草还田对晚稻稻田甲烷排放的影响

晚稻稻田的甲烷排放呈现前高后低特点 ,稻田甲烷的日排放速率与日均气温具有良好的正相关。稻草翻施使稻田甲烷排放量上升 5 1 .1 1 % ,而采用稻草表施的方法甲烷排放量仅增加 33.98%。水稻分蘖期是稻田甲烷排放的重要时期 ,其甲烷排放量占水稻全生育期排放总量的 65 .6% ,施用稻草进一步加大水稻分蘖期的甲烷排放比例。与稻草翻施相比 ,稻草表施的甲烷减排突出表现在水稻分蘖期及一天中 1 2∶0 0～ 1 6∶0 0的甲烷排放高峰时段。土壤 5cm处温度的昼夜周期性变化与稻田甲烷排放的昼夜周期性变化具有高度相关性。稻草表施可明显降低稻田耕层土壤水溶解甲烷含量     

长期施肥下稻田甲烷排放的研究进展

综述了国内外长期施肥条件下稻田甲烷排放的研究概况以及环境因素对甲烷排放的影响,并就产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌的研究进展进行阐述。     

小麦植株在麦田CH4交换中的作用及光照的影响

采用密闭箱/气相色谱法对中国科学院山东禹城实验站的麦田CH4通量进行观测,研究了土壤CH4通量、光照和遮光情况下的土壤-植物系统CH4通量,及植物、光照等因素对CH4通量的影响.试验采用小暗箱测定土壤CH4通量,采用暗箱和明箱测定土壤-植物系统CH4通量,同步观测了生物量、5 cm土壤温度、土壤水分及土壤NH4+含量.结果表明,麦田土壤和土壤-植物系统CH4通量均无明显的日变化,但季节变化显著;小麦的存在使土壤-植物系统CH4通量的季节波动加剧;小麦植株和光照促进麦田土壤-植物系统对CH4的吸收.此外,本研究发现在野外观测中,采用明箱覆盖土壤以及植物进行观测更能真实反映有植被覆盖的地表CH4通量状况.     

Cross-evaluation of measurements of peatland methane emissions on microform and ecosystem scales using high-resolution landcover classification and source weight modelling

The methane exchange in an oligotrophic mire complex was measured on the ecosystem and microform scale with the eddy covariance (EC) and the closed chamber technique, respectively. Information about the distribution of three distinct microform types in the area of interest and in each 30 min EC flux source area was derived from a high-resolution (1 m²) landcover map in combination with an analytical source weight model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001). The mean weighted coverage of flark, lawn and hummock microforms in the EC source area (0.3% : 57% : 43%) closely mirrors the overall distribution in the area of interest (0.5% : 50.1% : 49.4%), despite great differences in microform coverage between individual 30 min EC source areas. The measured ecosystem flux was fitted to the sum of three microform flux models based on environmental variables and weighted by their fractional coverage in the EC source area. This method resulted in a better representation of the ecosystem flux compared to an approach based on only one flux model for the whole ecosystem (R² = 0.87, RMSE = 0.44 vs. R² = 0.74, RMSE = 0.61, n = 5181) and thus constitutes a successful down-scaling of measured ecosystem scale flux to the microform scale. A comparison of down-scaled and measured microform fluxes reveals a good agreement for lawn microforms and systematic differences for flark and hummock microforms. Reasons for the differences are thought to be the limited resolution of the landcover classification and the systematic underestimation of hummock fluxes by the closed chamber technique. As a result, hummock fluxes derived by down-scaling of EC fluxes are considered to be more dependable than closed chamber fluxes. The seasonal ecosystem methane budget from gap-filled EC measurements was 9.4 ± 0.2 g CH₄ m⁻²; the budget derived from up-scaled microform measurements was 8.0 ± 0.8 g CH₄ m⁻². The lower value of the latter budget is attributed to the underestimation of flark and hummock fluxes by closed chamber measurements and to the microform gap-filling procedure. Generally, estimates from up-scaled microform measurements are found to be less certain than estimates from EC measurements.     

Methane emission from flooded rice fields under irrigated conditions

In a study on CH₄ emission from flooded rice fields under irrigated conditions, fields planted with rice emitted more methane than unplanted fields. The CH₄ efflux in planted plots varied with the rice variety and growth stage and ranged from 4 to 26 mg h^-1m^-2. During the reproductive stage of the rice plants, CH₄ emission was high and the oxidation power of rice roots, in terms of -naphthylamine oxidation, was very low. The CH₄ emission reached a maximum at midday and declined to minimum levels at midnight, irrespective of the rice variety. The peak CH₄ emission at midday was associated with higher solar radiation and higher soil/water temperature.     

Suppression of methane oxidation in aerobic soil by nitrogen fertilizers,nitrification inhibitors,and urease inhibitors

Concentrations of CH₄, a potent greenhouse gas, have been increasing in the atmosphere at the rate of 1% per year. The objective of these laboratory studies was to measure the effect of different forms of inorganic N and various N-transformation inhibitors on CH₄ oxidation in soil. NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation was also measured in the presence of the inhibitors to determine whether they had differential activity with respect to CH₄ and NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation. The addition of NH₄Cl at 25 g N g^-1 soil strongly inhibited (78–89%) CH₄ oxidation in the surface layer (0–15 cm) of a fine sandy loam and a sandy clay loam (native shortgrass prairie soils). The nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (5 g g^-1 soil) inhibited CH₄ oxidation as effectively as did NH₄Cl in the fine sandy loam (82–89%), but less effectively in the sandy clay loam (52–66%). Acetylene (5 mol mol^-1 in soil headspace) had a strong (76–100%) inhibitory effect on CH₄ consumption in both soils. The phosphoroamide (urease inhibitor) N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) showed strong inhibition of CH₄ consumption at 25 g g^-1 soil in the fine sandy loam (83%) in the sandy clay loam (60%), but NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation inhibition was weak in both soils (13–17%). The discovery that the urease inhibitor NBPT inhibits CH₄ oxidation was unexpected, and the mechanism involved is unknown.     

水稻生物学特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响

为了阐明水稻品种与稻田甲烷排放的关系,为培育低甲烷水稻品种提供科学依据。本研究从水稻植株形态特征和生物学特性等方面,论述水稻植株与甲烷排放的关系。水稻根系主要通过根系分泌物和根系泌氧能力二个方面影响甲烷气体的生成和氧化;水稻分蘖特性主要影响甲烷气体的排放;水稻叶片则通过光合作用和蒸腾作用二个方面分别影响甲烷气体的产生和排放;水稻籽粒的灌浆特性主要通过与根系争夺碳水化合物而影响甲烷的产量。这些因素既相互独立又相互协调影响水稻稻田的甲烷排放。     

农田土壤温室气体排放研究进展(英文)

[目的]对农田土壤温室气体排放的研究进展进行综述。[方法]根据近几年国内外相关文献,对农田土壤中CO2、CH4和N2O的产生机理、排放特征及其主要影响因素进行归纳。[结果]土壤中温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的产生和排放过程,是陆地生态系统碳氮循环的重要过程,是土壤碳氮库的重要输出途径,在全球碳氮循环中起到很重要作用,对其展开研究有利于减少其排放温室气体的量以及增大其吸收温室气体的能力,从而更有效地实现温室气体的减排。[结论]该研究有助于对温室气体排放规律和影响因素的正确了解,从而对温室气体减排以及研究气候变化提供理论依据。     

不同施肥结构对日光温室黄瓜发育及产量的作用分析

通过田间试验研究了不同施肥结构对日光温室黄瓜发育和产量的作用。试验结果表明,沼肥、有机肥、叶面施肥能明显促进黄瓜生长发育,增强先合作用,日光温室黄瓜发育过程表明,沼肥肥效快,有机肥肥效慢,施用有机肥、沼肥和叶面肥比对照增产幅度分别为12.0％,5.7％和11.1％。增加施用沼肥和喷施叶面肥,能够促进黄瓜健壮生长,增强光合作用,提高黄瓜产量。